Abstract:
Introduction: Worldwide oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for more than 100,000 deaths per year. Chronic inflammation is considered one of its risk factors. DNA methylation may regulate gene expression and contribute to OSCC tumorigenesis. This project investigated whether chronic inflammation alters DNA methylation and expression of cancer-associated genes in OSCC.
Methods: Several in-vitro models of chronic inflammation were established. Co-culture with activated neutrophils, oxidative or nitrosative stress, and interleukin (IL)-6 were tested for methylation pattern changes in OSCC cell lines. The methylation status was analyzed by pyrosequencing, methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and sensitive melting analysis after methylation-specific PCR. Gene expression was investigated by qRT-PCR. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-1 and DNMT3b expression was assessed by western blot.
Results: All three inflammatory models induced LINE-1 demethylation which can be interpreted as global DNA hypomethylation. CpG promoter methylation changes were observed in several tumor suppressor genes upon IL-6 treatment. In detail, CHFR, GATA5, and PAX6 altered gene expression upon change in CpG methylation. The western blot did not detect any increase in DNMT1 and DNMT3b.
Conclusion: Our results indicate that chronic inflammation contributes to tumorigenesis in-vitro by altering gene methylation and consequently their expression independent of DNMT protein expression. Epigenetic gene silencing may be the consequence of chronic inflammation in the oral cavity. Both methylation and inflammation are suitable targets for developing novel preventive measures.