Abstract:
Nebivolol is a 3rd generation, highly selective Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist that, in addition to it’s antiadrenergic effects, has antiatherogenic, NO-mediated vasodilatory, antioxidative, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Nebivolol, therefore, has the potential to be beneficial for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis-derived diseases compared to other Beta-blockers.
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the Beta-blockers nebivolol and metoprolol on the development and formation of atherosclerotic plaques as well their involvement in the inflammatory processes in cholesterol-fed rabbits.
Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were randomised into 3 groups: control, nebivolol, and metoprolol. Each group received a standard diet for 2 weeks, followed by 8 weeks of a 1% and 5 weeks of a 0.5% cholesterol-rich diet. In addition, the treatment groups received either nebivolol or metoprolol according to their respective group assignment. Blood samples were taken regularly for 15 weeks, after which the large arteries were harvested. Plaque development and cellular formation of the aorta were examined via histology and immunohistochemistry. Tissue from the carotid arteries was evaluated by real time RT-PCR for mRNA expression of the inflammatory adhesion molecule VCAM-1, the growth factors MCP 1, PDGF-Beta, bFGF, VEGF as well as different collagens types (I and VIII). In addition, serum levels of MCP-1 were evaluated via ELISA.
Groups treated with either Beta-blocker showed a protective effect on the development of atherosclerotic plaques and on survival when compared to controls, however only the nebivolol-treated group showed statistical significance. Additionally, a significant reduction in the serum leukocyte count was seen in the nebivolol group. Evaluation of the atherosclerotic plaques in the nebivolol group showed a significant reduction in macrophage accumulation when compared to both the control group and the metoprolol group. Collagen type 1 expression, as measured by PCR, was also significantly reduced in the nebivolol group. Treatment with metoprolol, however, only showed a significant decrease of endothelin-1 as compared to the control group.
A possible explanation for the decreased atherosclerotic plaque development and the decrease of macrophage accumulation may be the reduced expression of VCAM-1, PDGF-Beta, bFGF and VEGF found in both groups treated with Beta-blockers.
Based on the results of this animal experiment, treatment with nebivolol may be beneficial in preventing atherosclerosis compared to treatment with metoprolol, yet further investigation is required to prove a clinical advantage.