Abstract:
The aim of the present study was to find evidence that either supports or denies the alcoholism-based dopamine deficit hypothesis. The dopamine deficit hypothesis states that alcoholics exhibit a dopamine insufficiency even before getting addict to alcohol. By drinking alcohol, the patient tries to compensate for his/her dopamine deficit. Accordingly, when the patient discontinues alcohol abuse and remains abstinent, the dopamine insufficiency should reoccur.
Homovanillin acid (HVA) in the blood plasm, which is a degradation product of dopamine, is widely seen as a potential indicator for the level of neuronal dopamine activity. When the patient discontinues alcohol abuse and remains abstinent, the individual HVA values should decrease and persistently remain on a lower level, compared to the initial level during alcohol abuse. Some preliminary studies support this view. But up to now, no study was published surveying the HVA concentration over more than a three weeks period.
Consequently, we conducted a process analysis over six months. Within the first 35 days, the HVA concentration of the alcoholics declined. After this period, the level remained persistent over the time of the study. Furthermore, the HVA level of the abstinent patients increased significantly. But if there would have been a preceding dopamine insufficiency, the HVA concentration should have decreased to a lower level compared to the drinking phase. After that, the lower concentration should persist. Indeed, our study could not corroborate that notion.
According to this, our study could not confirm the dopamine deficit hypothesis. To shed light into the role of HVA in connection with alcoholism also was a goal of several previous studies. However to date, no consent could be established. There exist studies that corroborate the dopamine deficit hypothesis, whereas there exist as many studies that show opposite results. A cause may be that many parameters influence the HVA concentration in the blood plasm, such as nutrition, stress, and physical exercise. Moreover, smoking could be an additional influencing factor of the HVA concentration. Our results showed that the smokers overall had a lower initial HVA concentration compared to non-smokers. Additionally, the smokers showed a significant decrease of the HVA concentration during the first 35 days. The non-smokers on the other hand, showed initial HVA levels that were up to three times higher. This may depict a bias that considerably complicates data analysis and interpretation. Nevertheless, HVA concentration in the blood plasm remains a valid indicator of dopamine activity in the brain. Future studies have to clarify whether low HVA levels of smokers work either as state- or trait-markers. Hypothetically spoken, the comorbidity of nicotine abuse with alcoholism may be coupled with a lower overall dopamine level, even compared to the low level of non-smoking alcoholics. That may explain our findings.
Without a doubt, dopamine metabolism plays a crucial role in formation and retention of drug addiction. Though, the dopamine-based reward system bears no sufficient explanation for the etiology of alcohol addiction. Consequently, we have to consider multiple criteria that trigger or enforce drug addiction.