Abstract:
For decades there has been a controversy on the benefit of using ascorbate (AA) in cancer therapy. Lately, three articles in PNAS by Marc Levine et al. (NIH) generated new interest in the use of high dose ascorbate: First, high doses of ascorbate were shown to be cytotoxic to human lymphoma and mamma carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Cytotoxicity was mediated by H2O2 (Chen et al. 2005). Secondly, ascorbyl radical and H2O2 could be detected in the extracellular fluid of rats after intravenous application of high ascorbate doses. H2O2 was formed from ascorbate via ascorbyl radical (Chen et al. 2007). Thirdly, it was shown that high doses of ascorbate could reduce the growth rates of various malignant tumours in the mouse model (Chen et al. 2008).
In vitro, in the presence of low (physiological) ascorbate concentrations the degradation of HIF-1 alpha is increased in malignant cells (Knowles et al. 2003). Energy metabolism is shifted from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). As a consequence, higher amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed. An increased rate of aerobic glycolysis is characteristic for many malignant cells. Usually, these cells are cultivated in the absence of ascorbate. So this result is of importance, especially for in vitro-experiments with cancer cells.
We examined (1) the cytotoxicity of high ascorbate concentrations and H2O2 to the neuroblastoma cell lines Kelly (N-myc-amplification) and SK-N-SH (N-myc not amplified). Furthermore, we analysed the effect of low concentrations of ascorbate or 2-deoxy-D-glucose (dG) on the vitality and the growth of both cell lines (2). At last (3), we examined the effect of dichloroacetate (DCA) on the growth and on the rate of glycolysis of Kelly cells.
Ad 1: In accordance to the results of Mark Levine, AA (up to 10 mmol/l) or H2O2 (up to 200 µmol/l) were cytotoxic to Kelly and SK-N-SH cells. The cytotoxicity increased with the concentration of the substances. The cytotoxicity of dehydroascorbate (up to 10 mmol/l) was similar to the cytotoxicity of AA. Kelly cells and SK-N-SH cells were able to metabolise H2O2 if it was given as bolus and if it was formed continuously (glucose/ glucose-oxidase). The higher the cell number and the longer the incubation time, the higher was the efficiency of the metabolisation.
Ad 2: In cell culture medium with AA (50 µmol/l) the growth of Kelly cells was reduced. This could be due to a decreased rate of glycolysis. In comparison to Kelly cells that were cultivated in the absence of ascorbate, glucose consumption and lactate production by Kelly cells was a little smaller in the presence of the AA. For SK-N-SH cells, this could not be shown. dG (up to 2 mmol/l) was cytotoxic to Kelly and SK-N-SH cells and the cytotoxicity increased with the substance concentration. Kelly cells, that were grown in the presence of AA (50 µmol/l), were more resistant to dG than Kelly cells cultivated in the absence of AA. By analysis of glucose consumption and lactate production, it could not be shown that dG inhibits glycolysis.
Ad 3: By treatment with DCA (500 µmol/l – 2 mmol/l) growth of Kelly cells was reduced by 20%. In accordance with the molecular function of the substance (activation of the pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex, shift of the energy metabolism from glycolysis to OXPHOS), glucose consumption and lactate production decreased at the same time.
Our results suggest that neuroblastoma cells with N-myc-amplification may preferentially use aerobic glycolysis for energy production. If the energy metabolism of the cells is shifted from glycolysis to OXPHOS (by DCA, e.g.), more ROS are formed, that are cytotoxic. This could be the basis for new strategies in the therapy of cancer. Furthermore, the role of high dose, prooxidative AA is of particular interest – especially for the therapy of cancer with limited therapeutic options such as neuroblastoma. Based on the promising results in the mouse model, clinical trials are being planned at the NIH.