Abstract:
The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 (KCNA3) can be detected in a variety of tissues including the insulin-sensitive tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver and brain. In animal models the Kv1.3 knockout mice showed lower body weight, higher insulin sensitivity, improved glucose tolerance and additionally a super-smeller phenotype with reduced threshold for perception of odors as well as an increased ability to discriminate between similar odors. These effects detected in animal models suggest an important role of the Kv1.3 channel in human glucose homeostasis with critical influence on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance.
In 50 nondiabetic participants of the Tübingen Familiy Study for type 2 diabetes (TÜF) approximately 4.5 kb of chromosome 1 were screened for mutations in the human KCNA3 gene by direct sequencing. Subsequently, the identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analysed in 552 nondiabetic subjects using a genotype-phenotype association study. These subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and 304 of them additionally underwent a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Postprandial blood glucose and insulin sensitivity were assessed.
We identified five SNPs in the promoter region of the KCNA3 gene (T-548C, G-697T, A-845G, T-1645C und G-2069A) with allelic frequencies of the minor allele of 26, 23, 9, 41 and 16%, respectively. None of the polymorphisms was associated with obesity parameters or insulin secretion. Neither did the polymorphisms T-548C (rs2840381), G-697T (rs2821555), A-845G (rs7528937) and G-2069A (rs3762379) show any effect on the relevant metabolic parameters insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. The T-1645C polymorphism was accompanied by reduced insulin sensitivity and impaired glucose tolerance: The -1645C allele was associated with higher plasma glucose concentrations in the 2-h OGTT (p = 0.03) even after adjustment for sex, age and body mass index (p = 0.002). In addition, it was associated with lower insulin sensitivity (p = 0.01, adjusted for sex, age and body mass index). Functional in vitro analysis using EMSA showed differential transcription factor binding to the T-1645C polymorphism.
A gain-of-function mutation in the KCNA3 gene could lead to described alterations in glucose metabolism by increased activity of the Kv1.3 channel. The exact mechanism, however, is unknown so far. Previous studies suggest that activity of the Kv1.3 channel affects glucose transport as well as cytokine synthesis and secretion and olfactory sense.
In summary, the results of this study indicate that the human KCNA3 gene represents a potential candidate gene for type 2 diabetes. It is necessary to investigate the underlying mechanisms to each a better understanding of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and enable earlier intervention.