Abstract:
The impetus for this study was the steadily increasing incidence of primary and secondary lung tumours, with limited treatment options for inoperable patients. We therefore treated 10 patients with surgically resectable lung tumours and a total of 12 pulmonary lesions with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) over a period of 30 months.
In the current study, the local effectiveness of pulmonary RFA is evaluated mainly on the basis of morphological imaging data, so we also performed a thoracotomy and oncology lung resection three days after the CT-guided percutaneous ablation, followed by extensive histological, immunohistochemical and cellular analysis of the ablation zone. We were able to show that ablated tumour cells at the ultrastructural level, in contrast to tumour cells not treated with RFA, contained so-called "apoptotic bodies", which indicate cell death.
Furthermore, the ablation zone can be sub-classified into four concentric zones (I-IV), each with a different cell composition.
TUNEL studies on the tissue showed that tumour cells of the inner two zones (I and II) had fragmented DNA, thus demonstrating that ablation was completely successful, with decreasing DNA fragmentation in the periphery (zones III-IV) where the efficacy of the ablation was more doubtful.
Based on the detection of double-strand breaks in the TUNEL images, we could achieve a complete ablation of tumour tissue in 11/12 cases (91.6%), although some sections stained with standard H&E still showed a pattern of residual viable cells.
With the ablation that subsequently turned out to be incomplete (1/12) there was a colorectal metastasis in the immediate vicinity of a segmental pulmonary artery, which it was necessary to ablate without a safety margin. We stress the caution given in the literature with regard to the proximity of blood vessels, since the safety margin is reduced in size as a result of heat transport away from the tumour, and the ablation may subsequently prove to be incomplete. In any case, it is worth noting that the efficacy of treating primary lung tumours with RF ablation cannot be compared with that of surgical resection. In the treatment of lung metastases, percutaneous RF ablation can be considered as a possible alternative to treatment with metastasis resection, provided that the primary tumour has been completely eradicated and there are no extrapulmonary metastases. In addition, it must be technically possible to perform complete RF ablation of all metastases. Since indications are not as yet uniformly defined, RF ablation of primary and secondary lung tumours should be reserved for those patients who cannot undergo a radical resection.
The "ground-glass" changes seen in CT images after RFA also correlate with the pathomorphological coagulation zone, but lead to an overestimation of the success of ablation as evaluated with conventional imaging.
With respect to an immune response induced by RF ablation, we could not identify any activation of immunlogical T-effector cells among the 6/9 cases (67%) that could be analysed. In relation to recruitment of antibodies, a positive antibody response against the tumour antigen SSX2 was found in 1/5 patients (20%) studied 13 months post-RF. In another patient (1/5), an increase was noted in antibodies that were already present against the antigen HDAC5. This suggests possible activation of the immune system after pulmonary RFA and should be investigated further.
We conclude that percutaneous RF ablation of primary and secondary lung tumours represents a locally effective alternative treatment for inoperable patients. It results in irreversible fragmentation of DNA and enables destruction of tumours with a low complication rate.
Future studies are needed to clarify issues of long-term outcome, the best way of evaluating success of the ablation, and the value of this treatment in conjunction with other therapies such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy.