Abstract:
In 2004, mutations in a gene called LRRK2 were identified as a cause of autosomal dominantly inherited parkinsonism and today are considered the most frequent genetic cause of both familial as well as sporadic forms of Parkinson’s disease. Patients harboring LRRK2 mutations on the one hand have a clinical presentation typical of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, on the other hand, however, feature a special and unique variety of neuropathological alterations which used to be considered hallmarks of different types of neurodegenerative disorders. Besides neuronal loss in the substantia nigra with or without Lewy bodies, even Tau-positive inclusions meeting the diagnostic criteria of progressive supranuclear palsy can be seen. Given these findings, a central position of LRRK2 in the etiology of neurodegenerative processes in general can be assumed, which provides a rational basis for further research on its role in the development of other neurodegenerative disorders such as atypical parkinsonian syndromes.
In this study, DNA samples of MSA and PSP patients were screened for known LRRK2 mutations. Based on the description of PSP-like neuropathological alterations in a R1441C mutation carrier, DNA samples of PSP patients were screened for mutations in exon 31 of LRRK2. As a member of the Sagamihara family with neuropathologically confirmed MSA was found to carry the I2020T mutation, DNA samples of MSA patients were analyzed for mutations in exon 41 of LRRK2. Furthermore, another mutation in this exon, G2019S, occurs frequently in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease suggesting its special importance in the etiology of synucleinopathies.
No LRRK2 mutations could be found in any patient screened in this study. The results of this work confirm and expand previous knowledge. To date, with a few exceptions of uncertain relevance, no MSA or PSP case could directly be associated with mutations in LRRK2. Still, a potential role of the gene in the development of these disorders cannot be excluded completely, as studies performed so far mainly focused on a few sections of LRRK2, so that statements on the rest of this large gene cannot be made. It can be expected that more extensive studies will help calrify its role in the future. Furthermore, there is evidence that LRRK2 may have a superordinate position in a network of interacting proteins which, when disturbed, may lead to neurodegenerative processes. Thus, LRRK2 mutations can be considered upstream events in a cascade leading to neurodegeneration with variable pathological changes and in that way be involved in the etiology of diverse neurodegenerative disorders. For that reason, further exploration of LRRK2 may yield findings transferable to various diseases. It remains to be hoped that this may lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic options in the future.