Abstract:
DEHP is the most frequently used plasticizer for PVC. But it has been suspected of having had reproductive and teratogenic effects. Contact with a lipophilic medium can cause DEHP to leach from PVC. This danger of DEHP-migration is also present during extracorporeal circulation, when the blood of patients is recirculated in PVC-tube. The blood comes in contact with a large non physiological surface, and leaching substances, for example DEHP, may then have a negative impact on the organism. Some of the possible post-operation complications during extracorporeal circulation (EC), in the form of inflammatory reactions are mediated and modulated by endothelial tissue. The present study set itself the task of determining the extent to which exposure to DEHP contributes to an inflammatory response after extracorporeal circulation as this was hitherto unclear. The focus was on the DEHP plasticizer’s activation of endothelial tissue. Furthermore, this study set out to clarify whether the use of alternative PVC materials constitutes a real improvement with regards to the leaching of DEHP and the activation of endothelial tissue.
Three different kinds of PVC material for PVC-tubes were analysed throughout the course of this study:
1. PVC with DEHP, the usage of which is standard in extracorporeal circulation (PVC)
2. Heparin-coated PVC (Carmeda®)
3. DEHP-free PVC, i.e. PVC in combination with the alternative plasticizer TEHTM (noDOP®).
The first part of this study dealt with the quantitative analysis of DEHP and its metabolites, released from PVC-tubes during extracorporeal circulation. Fresh human whole blood was circulated at 37°C for periods of 60 and 120 minutes respectively in three different PVC-tubes in a modified Chandler-Loop (the so-called “Closed-Loop-Model”). The aim was to identify concentrations of DEHP and its metabolites as well as the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
The second part of this study examined, by means of different methods, the activation by DEHP of endothelial tissue. Primary human endothelial cells, activated by recirculated blood samples, were examined with a view to identify the expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin. The group of Carmeda and noDOP tube material could be shown to release considerably less DEHP than PVC- tubes. Recirculation for the duration of 120 minutes did not consistently show a significant increase of DEHP-concentration in the blood when compared to recirculation for 60 minutes. Even though blood samples from the group with PVC -tubes contained larger quantities of DEHP and its metabolites, a significant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines could not be demonstrated. Comprehensive protection against DEHP and its metabolites could be guaranteed neither by using a heparin coating nor by using the plasticizer TEHTM. The hypothesis that the increased release of DEHP leads to the increased release of cytokines could not be confirmed by this study. Neither did the DEHP level correlate with the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules.
Considering the results of current research into the subject matter, the aim should nevertheless be to minimize patients’ – especially high-risk patients’ – exposure to DEHP. However, the use of alternative materials must not jeopardize the quality of the medical care being provided.