Abstract:
In the years 1933 to 1945, millions of Jews, Roma and Sinti, but also political opponents, persons with mental health problems, the disabled as well as homosexuals became victims of the prevailing Nazi regime in Germany.
Imprisonment lasting several years in forced labor camps, concentration and extermination camps was characterized by abuse, hard labor, starvation, degradation, inhumane living conditions and mass murder.
The survivors of this terror showed psychological and physical consequences of trauma to a hitherto almost unbelievable extent. This led to a renewed fierce and initially controversial debate about the existence of psychological late effects after extreme living conditions, which had already been conducted at the end of the 19th Century and later in connection with the First World War. Finally the realization prevailed that the mental capacity of a person is not infinite, and human beings can still experience a psychological transformation when being already a "finished" and structured personality. (11) From this point on, importance was attached to psychological permanent damage. This damage was recognized as being caused by persecution and therefore worthy of compensation.
The present thesis deals with such long-term sequelae incurred by Holocaust survivors. These survivors are formerly persecuted persons, who have already received benefits by the Restitution Office in Saarburg in whose jurisdiction the central processing of these applications falls for a recognized psychological illness caused by persecution, but who seek a redefinition of their pension due to an aggravation of their medical condition. Thus, it was possible to pursue the development and progression of health problems since the liberation up to the claims for deterioration and to determine a possible change in symptoms. The evaluation of the individual reports was conducted by means of a written questionnaire on the basis of evaluation criteria.
Besides the health problems and their course, the patient population was analyzed in general. It became apparent that the prosecution experience had caused physical and / or psychological trauma with all 66 people surveyed. The most numerous afflictions were depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, psychosomatic complaints, hyper-arousal, social isolation tendencies and hypermnestic memory fixations.
With the majority of the group analysed (81.8%), the health problems showed a progressive course. Regarding this increase in intensity, progressive factors could be identified. In addition to the progressive aging process and retirement, the main role was played by a persons own (serious) physical illness and surgery. Leaving the parental home by the grown-up children, the retirement of the partner, family conflicts, illnesses, surgeries, or even the death of the partner or a close relative, as well as the convening of a family member to military service, external war and terror incidents and the approaching Holocaust Remembrance Day also proved to be significant and adversely affecting living conditions.
Salutogenic factors, however, which occurred significantly more frequently in the group of non-progressive survivors, could not be identified.
The results of this investigation, both in terms of health effects and in terms of general aspects such as age or marital status were compared with results of previous work and discussed in the context.