Abstract:
Bacteria and bacteriophages are closely interacting biological systems. Due to a large amount of different mechanisms, bacteriophages - functioning as mobile elements - can affect distribution and recombination of bacterial genetic information (e.g. antibiotic resistance, toxins). The aim of this work was to further describe and explain a phenomenon observed during integration of bacteriophage genome into the bacterial chromosome: the increased expression of several virulence factors encoded by the bacteria themselves, especially for phages integrated at the hlb site (encoding for beta-hemolysin). In particular, we here investigate (1) whether this is a more general phenomenon detectable in different hlb-lysogens, (2) whether the effect can be observed at the level of transcription and (3) whether external factors can influence the degree of expression. Finally, we analysed different theoretically possible and plausible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
First, we studied several hlb-phage converted lysogens and bacterial strains converted by other classes of bacteriophages. Interestingly, all hlb-lysogens showed an increased expression of different bacterial virulence factors (eap and SA1813) compared to isogenic delysogenic strains, both on protein-level (SDS-PAGE) and on transcriptional level (Northern Blot analysis). The effect could be modified by ciprofloxacin, an inductor of the bacterial SOS response. The bacterial genes eap and SA1813 are located directly up- and downstream of the phage integration site. Promoter fusion assays (eap and SA1813) did not provide supporting evidence for a trans-activating mechanism. Therefore, this study corroborates the hypothesis of a local effect on the molecular conformation due to bacteriophage DNA integration.
In summary, we demonstrate that increased expression of different bacterial factors of virulence is a general phenomenon in S. aureus lysogens. Our experiments concering phage-bacteria-interaction by cis- and trans-activating mechanism provide an important basis for further investigations of this novel gene regulating mechanism. Furthermore, they stimulate future studies outlining the impact of phage induced gene activation on infections and colonization of S. aureus.