Abstract:
Due to its increasing incidence worldwide, type 2 diabetes will be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for the foreseeable future. But successful modifications in eating habits according to dietary self-care recommendations are thought to reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications. Yet, many individuals with type 2 diabetes have difficulties following these recommendations. Temporary food deprivation and restricted diet in healthy people result in an increased reinforcing value of food. However, the effect of a life-long diet in people with type 2 diabetes remains poorly understood.
Therefore we compared the brain responses to pictures of foods of individuals with type 2 diabetes and a group of healthy matched controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition, we examined whether these brain responses were related to subjective hunger, desire to eat, eating behaviour, dietary self-efficacy (i.e., peoples belief in their ability to follow dietary recommendations) and dietary self-care.
Our results showed that having type 2 diabetes increased responses to food stimuli in the insula, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and basal ganglia. Interestingliy, within these regions we observed a larger sensitivity to the fat content of the foods. Furthermore, increased activation to food within the insula and OFC positively correlated with external eating, dietary self-efficacy and dietary self-care. In contrast, responses within subcortical structures (amygdala and basal ganglia) were positively correlated with the emotional and reward value of the food stimuli and negatively correlated with dietary adherence.
We therefore conclude that living with type 2 diabetes and following a life-long restrictive diet changes brain responses to food by increasing its emotional and motivational salience as well as its reward value, and that the extent of these changes influences the adherence to specific dietary recommendations.