Abstract:
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells involved in the initiation of both innate and adaptive immunity and are thus critically important for the regulation of the immune response to pathogens. Furthermore, they also prevent potentially damaging immune responses being directed against the multitude of harmless antigens, to which the body is exposed daily. This role is particularly important in the intestine, where the local immune responses require a tight control, the outcome of which is in the most cases the induction of tolerance. Tolerant immunity connected to DCs can include down-regulation of their maturation, enhanced production of anti-inflamatory cytokines and/or driving cells into apoptosis. In addition, local T cell immunity is an important compartment of the specific intestinal immune system. DCs have the unique ability to activate naïve T cells. They can determine whether non-responsiveness (tolerance) or an active immune response occurs, whether a type 1 or type 2 response predominates. In the intestine, therefore, DCs are required to perform their dual roles very efficiently to protect the body from the dual threats of invading pathogens and unwanted inflammatory reactions.
In the present study it was shown that nutrients, such as thymoquinone, Gum Arabic (GA), zinc (Zn2+), xanthohumol or thymol acted on different aspects of DC functions. Nutrients can stimulate (GA, Zn2+) or decrese (thymoquinone, thymol, xanthohumol) expression of maturation markers and/or cytokine production, influence DC phagocytotic capacity (GA), lead to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK, GA).
Many of the nutrients studied turned out to be strong inducers of DC apoptosis. To determine the signalling pathways involved, DCs from both wild type and gene targeted mice lacking functional acidic sphingomyelinase (ASM-/-) were exposed to nutrients and different apoptosis markers assessed. Nutrient (Zn2+, xanthohumol, thymol)-induced apoptosis was triggered by acid sphingomyelinase activation, leading to ceramide formation and subsequent caspase activation, DNA fragmentation and cell membrane scrambling. In addition, regulation of Bcl-2 family members is known to follow ceramide formation, and thus the involvement of Bcl-2 proteins was tested in nutrient-treated DCs. Several nutrients (Zn2+, thymol) were shown to induce down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. The nutrient-triggered cell suicidal death was virtually absent in DCs from ASM-/- mice. In DCs from both genotypes exogenously added C2-ceramide resulted in the induction of cell death, indicating that ceramide production could be a critical step in nutrient-induced DC death.