Abstract:
The following thesis is based on a substudy on an oral treatment regimen for uncomplicated episodes of falciparum malaria in Gabonese infants (aged 2 to 30 months) which were simultaneously taking part in a larger IPTi study. In contrast to the majority of treatment studies in this area of research we did not compare different drugs or regimens. Instead, both groups of infants received the same ACT (a three day course of artesunate and amodiaquine, one of the ACTs recommended by the WHO), one group observed by us each time in our study centre, the others to take the second and third dose unobserved at home. Besides, our participants were quite young compared to other studies. Yet, they still belonged to an age group that is severely affected by falciparum malaria (including its complications) in hyper- and holoendemic regions of transmission in Africa.
It could be demonstrated that according to the applicable criteria the effectivity (reflected in the cure rate of the observed group at day 28) was sufficiently high (about 95%), yet, the effectiveness - only about 65% of the members of the unobserved group were cured at day 28 - was significantly lower and therefore unacceptable. Apart from well-known compliance problems, the bad results of the unobserved group were due to poor GI-tolerability of amodiaquine in infants and the complicated mode of preparation (no fixed combination available). Both drugs proved to be safe and showed few adverse effects otherwise.
Against the background of the parasites´ growing resistance to monotherapies and the consecutive increase in malaria morbidity and mortality particularly in African infants and pregnant women in the 80s and 90s an urgent need for action was perceived by the WHO, many NGOs and other relevant institutions, which resulted in the foundation of quite a few public-private partnerships. Apart from the use of ITNs the development and implementation of effective and affordable combination therapies (ACTs) became one of the mainstays to “roll back malaria”. In 2007, for example, the “Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative” launched a licence-free fixed combination of artesunate and amodiaquin which is also easier to prepare and administer but was not yet available at the time of our study. Other strategies and aims in the fight against malaria like eradication of the mosquito vector seem impossible to achieve especially in Africa or have not shown any reliable long-term benefit up to now (like, for instance, IPTi or vaccination). Therefore the effective, affordable, safe and quick treatment of clinical malaria episodes remains a constant challenge of high priority, particularly regarding the first reports indicating the emergence of in vivo resistance of Plasmodium falciparum against artemisinins.