Abstract:
Colorectal cancer is a common cancer disease and major death cause worldwide. The economic burdens resulted from CRC are a major challenge to public health care. The molecular machinery beneath the colorectal tumorigenesis seems to be complicated. Several pathological pathways have been identified to be involved in the tumorigenesis of CRC, including PI3K pathway, Wnt pathway et al. PDK1 activates the protein kinase PKB and other ACG family kinases, which may in turn favor cell survival and thus the development of tumors. The kinases are in part effective through the phosphorylation of Bad, which counteracts its apoptotic activity. SGK1 was found to be upregulated in a variety of tumors, but downregulated in several distinct tumors. Thus, evidence for a role of SGK1 in tumor growth remained conflicting. According to in vitro observations, SGK1 promoted the stabilization and nuclear translocation of oncogene beta-catenin and negatively regulates the transcription factor Foxo3a, which in turn stimulates transcription of the pro-apoptotic regulator Bim. To this end, PDK1 hypomorphic mice (pdk1hm), SGK1 knockout mice (sgk1-/-) and their wild type littermates (pdk1wt or sgk1+/+) were subjected to chemical cancerogenesis (intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg DMH followed by three cycles of 30 g/L synthetic DSS for 7 days). Abundance of phosphorylated Bad was determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence. As a result, following chemical cancerogenesis, pdk1hm mice developed significantly less colorectal tumors than pdk1wt mice. Accordingly, following chemical cancerogenesis pdk1hm mice lived significantly longer than pdk1wt mice. As evident from Western blot and immunofluorescence, PDK1 deficiency decreased the abundance of phosphorylated Bad. In sgk1-/-mice significantly less colorectal tumors than sgk1+/+mice were observed as well. According to Western blot and immunofluorescence, SGK1 deficiency enhances the expression of Foxo3a and Bim, but decrease the abundance of beta-catenin. Futhermore, SGK1 was silenced in HEK293 cells. SGK1 knock down consequently enhanced apoptosis. Western blot and immunofluorescence were employed to detect a reduced expression of Foxo3a and Bim in SGK1 knock down cells. An additional experiment was performed to in HEK 293 cells treated with dexamethasone to activate SGK1 by Western blot. The abundance of beta-catenin was significantly increased after dexamethasone treatment. In conclusion, PDK1 favors development of CRC following chemical cancerogenesis, an effect at least partially due to the increased phosphorylation of Bad, and SGK1 expression favors the development of CRC, which may be effective at least in part through the downregulation of Foxo3a, Bim and the upregulation of beta-catenin.