Abstract:
Mast cells play a central role in IgE-dependent allergic reactions including allergic rhinitis, asthma, anaphylactic shock and delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
The mechanism of mediator secretion from mast cells in disease includes modulation of ion channel activity. Cross-linking of the mast cell IgE-receptor (FceRI) by antigen (Ag) leads to stimulation of Ca2+ entry with subsequent mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators. Ca2+ further activates Ca2+-activated K+ channels, which in turn provide the electrical driving force for Ca2+ entry. The phosphoinositol-3 (PI 3)-kinase pathway plays a pivotal role in the stimulation of mast cells. Previous studies have shown, that PI3-kinase is required for mast cell activation and degranulation. Kinases activated through the PI 3-kinase pathway include serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinases 1 (SGK1) and 3 (SGK3).
The present study has been performed to elucidate whether PI 3-kinase participates in the regulation of mast cell Ca2+ and Ca2+-activated K+ channels, and whether PI 3-kinase-dependent modulation of those channels is involved in the regulation of mast cell function. Also we explored the role of SGK1 and SGK3 in mast cell function. To this aim the whole-cell patch clamp experiments and Fura-2 fluorescence measurements for determination of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration were performed in LY-294002-treated and untreated mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). In response to FceRI cross-linking, Ca2+ entry but not Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores was dramatically reduced upon inhibition of PI 3-kinase by LY294002. Ca2+ entry following readdition of Ca2+ after Ca2+-store depletion with thapsigargin was also decreased by LY-294002, pointing to inhibition of store-operated channels (SOCs). Moreover, inhibition of PI 3-kinase abrogated IgE-mediated, but not ionomycin-induced stimulation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels.
To explore the role of SGK1 and SGK3, mast cells have been isolated from bone marrow of SGK1 and SGK3 knockout mice (sgk1-/-, sgk3-/-) and their wild-type littermates (sgk1+/+, sgk3+/+). Forward scatter, as determined by FACS analysis, was significantly smaller in sgk1-/- than in sgk1+/+ BMMCs, pointing to a decrease in cell volume. There was no difference in forward scatter between sgk3-/- and sgk3+/+ BMMCs. Upon Ag stimulation via the FceRI receptor, Ca2+ entry but not Ca2+ release from intracellular stores was markedly impaired in sgk1-/-and sgk3-/- BMMCs. The currents through Ca2+-activated K+ channels induced by Ag were significantly higher in sgk1+/+ and sgk3+/+ BMMCs than in sgk1-/- and sgk3-/- cells, respectively. Treatment of the cells with Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin (1 µM) led to similar activation of the K+ channels in all tested genotypes, indicating that the Ca2+-activated K+ channels are similarly expressed and sensitive to activation by Ca2+ in sgk1-/- and sgk3-/- BMMCs as in their wt littermates, and that blunted stimulation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels was secondary to decreased Ca2+ entry. Compared to wild-type mice, IgE-Ag-induced degranulation of sgk1-/- and sgk3-/- BMMCs was significantly blunted. The decrease in body temperature following Ag treatment, which reflects anaphylactic reaction, was dramatically reduced in sgk1-/- and sgk3-/- mice, pointing to impaired mast cell function in vivo.
Thus, our observations disclose PI 3-kinase-dependent regulation of Ca2+- and Ca2+-activated K+-channels, which in turn participate in triggering mast cell degranulation. SGK1 and SGK3 are critically important for the regulation of Ca2+ entry, Ca2+-activated K+ channel activation and degranulation of mast cells upon IgE-Ag-dependent stimulation.