Abstract:
The Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of inflammatory diseases of the joints in childhood. The basis of the JIA is an immune reaction of the synovia, which is probably mediated by T-cells.
Since previous studies have shown that the effect of TGF-beta1 is dependent of
the activation and differentiation status of cells, the isolated T-cells from peripheral blood and synovial fluid (SF) were phenotypically characterized using flow cytometry in this study. It was proven that CD8+-T-cells of the JIA accumulate in SF in comparison to peripheral blood. Overall, all patients had a domination of activated memory cells (CD4+ CD45RO+). As in earlier studies, a strong increase of the activation markers CD69 and HLA-DR in the SF compared with peripheral blood could be observed. The different behaviour of CD4+- and CD8+-T-cells regarding CD69 (early activation) or HLA-DR (as a long-term activation marker) could indicate a different time of activation. The higher percentage of CD25high+ CD4+-T-cells which are called regulatory cells (Tregs) in the SF in comparison to peripheral blood was remarkable. There were no differences between the more favourable prognostic oligo articular and the less favourable poly articular course of disease.
In other chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, an increase of the immune inhibitory TGF-ß1 in the intestinal mucosa could be proven at a continuing inflammatory reaction. It is possible that similar mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of JIA. The phenotypical characterization showed that both peripheral and synovial CD4+- and CD8+-T-cells express the TGF-beta receptor II sufficiently. Subsequently, the TGF-beta1 sensitivity of synovial cells was analyzed in comparison to peripheral cells using an assembly of 3H-thymidin and CFSE staining. Whereas there was a distinct inhibition of synovial cells at the assembly of 3H-thymidin, a differentiated pattern could be observed for the CFSE staining because of the differentiation of CD4+- and CD8+-T-cells. Synovial and peripheral CD8+-T-cells were inhibited significantly by TGF-beta1, whereas a clear proliferation inhibition could only be detected in the peripheral blood. Synovial CD4+-T-cells from patients with oligo articular JIA showed no proliferation inhibition by exogenous TGF-beta1.
The differentiation of CD4+-T-cells into Th1- and Th2-cells based on their cytokine secretion revealed that there is a strong accumulation of IFN-gamma secreting Th1-cells in the SF, mainly for patients with an oligo articular arthritis. In contrast to that, there was an indifferent pattern for IL-4 secreting Th2-cells. In presence of TGF-beta1, the secretion of IFN-gamma decreases, which means that TGF-beta leads to a preference of Th2-cells.
It has to be clarified in further studies whether a local dysregulation and, ultimately, the autoimmune reaction results from a defect in the TGF-beta1-signaling cascade (Smad7).
Particularly interesting is the function of CD4+CD25high+-T-cells in the JIA pathogenesis. Most likely the disease results from a failure of various regulatory mechanisms, in which TGF-beta1 plays an important role.