Abstract:
HCMV is the most common cause of symptomatic congenital viral infection. Showing a transmission rate to the fetus of 40 to 50 %, primary maternal HCMV infection in pregnancy represents the major risk factor for intrauterine transmission and serious fetal damage as well as numerous sequelae. However, there is no prognostic marker to predict whether the virus will be transmitted to the fetus. Maternofetal transmission occurs primarily through a hematogenous transplacental pathway, wherein the villous trophoblast as first barrier between maternal blood and fetal tissue can play a key role in transmitting HCMV.
In the present study, the effect of sera from pregnant women with primary HCMV infection on the infection of villous throphoblasts was investigated using an in vitro model. In addition, two other placental cell lines as well as human foreskin fibroblasts were used for comparative testing. In primary villous trophoblast cultures obtained from human term placentae the differentiation in multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts could be demonstrated and productive HCMV infection was proofed.
Particularly for placental cell lines, an ELISA-based micro-neutralisation test was established and optimized in order to analyse and compare the extent of infection and the neutralizing capacity respectively in the presence of different antisera. Employing the trophoblast-micro-neutralisation test with maternal sera from transmitters and non-transmitters a correlation was found between neutralisation titers and transmission risk. Higher neutralisation titers were associated with a significantly higher transmission risk in the investigated collective.
This result is of particular importance concerning the prediction of the transmission risk to the fetus. Consequently, it can support prenatal diagnosis or treatment of pregnant women. Due to the limited number of investigated serum samples the obtained results have to be verified in tests with explicitly larger collectives. If the predictive value can be confirmed, the established method will provide a valuable test to estimate the transmission risk of a maternal primary infection.