Abstract:
Human fetal brainstem and cerebellar development is basically characterized by molecular factors influencing neuronal precursor migration, axon guidance and neuronal survival. These energy-consuming functions depend on continuous blood supply, which is guaranteed by angiogenic processes. Netrin-1 and its receptor DCC are well characterized in murine development, as axon guidance molecules, proangiogenic and promigratory factors, as well as cell survival factors, which is guaranteed by the so called dependence receptor function. There is hardly any data dealing with the distribution of DCC and Netrin-1 in human fetal brainstem and cerebellar development.
We investigated 23 human fetal (age: 12nd-28th week of gestation) brainstem and cerebellar formaline fixed and paraffin embedded specimens by means of immunohistochemistry with antibodies against Netrin-1 and the receptor DCC. For detection of proliferative areas we also accomplished immunohistochemistry with an antibody against the Ki-67-protein. A semiquantitative score for staining intensity and frequency was applied for the developing cerebellar cortical layers, brainstem and cerebellar nuclei, as well as endothelial cells of preformed vessels.
In the brainstem high concentrations of Netrin-1 were detected in the ventricular zone and the midline, as well as in the cranial nerves nuclei and the precerebellar nuclei. Expression in the cerebellum was distinctly higher in the cerebellar nuclei and the granule layers. There was a significant decrease of Netrin-1-expression with increasing age in the internal granule layer. Compared to Netrin-1, its receptor DCC showed a weaker expression pattern in the midline area, whereas the expression in the cranial nerves nuclei was clearly higher. The cerebellar cortex showed significantly higher expression in the granule layers compared to weak expression in the molecular layer. Almost all endothelial cells showed massive Netrin-1-expression with hardly any DCC-immunoreactivity. As expected the ventricular zone and the external granule layer, both areas of high proliferation, showed a distinct expression of the Ki67-Protein.
Regarding this data we suppose that Netrin-1 via its receptor DCC might play a role in the development of human precerebellar nuclei and cranial nerves, as well as in the proper formation of the human cerebellum. Upregulation of Netrin-1 on endothelial cells without DCC expression underlines the influence of Netrin-1 on angiogenesis via another probable pathway and receptor. The data in human tissue shows analogies to data from animal studies, which leads to the hypotheses, that animal models might be an adequate instrument to understand human development.