Abstract:
The Sanatorium Bellevue in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland, a private psychiatric institution for well educated and well-to-do people from Switzerland an nearby countries, was founded in 1857 by Ludwig Binswanger Sr. After the sanatorium’s closure in 1980, its complete archive was entrusted to the Tübingen University for evaluation. As a part of a research project of the Institute for Ethics and History of Medicine, this dissertation evaluates documents from the time period 1881 to 1885. After his father’s death in 1880, Robert Binswanger became director of the Bellevue sanatorium. The therapeutic concept was essentially based on creating a therapeutical environment, on “Moral Treatment”, and on transforming no-restraint-ideas to the daily routine of mental institutions. By executing balneo-, hydro- and electrotherapy, Binswanger’s therapeutical approach followed common standards and at the same broadened the choice of
physical treatments offered by the Bellevue. He furthermore began applying Playfair’s and Mitchell’s feeding cure. With his prescriptions, Binswanger stressed the importance of exploiting the armamentarium from general medicine, the same way his father had. At the same time and following contemporary norms, he expanded the spectrum of psychotropic substances available at the Bellevue. The clinic’s constructional enlargement, initiated and ran by Robert Binswanger, allowed a better separation of moderately and severely diseased
patients. The statistical evaluation showed, that patients at the Bellevue were mainly 20 to 40 years old, male and married. They mostly suffered from affective psychosis. Compared to previous sample periods, the numbers of patients treated have increased. The development and treatment of “circulatory psychosis”, nowadays referred to as a bipolar disorder, is intensely discussed in respect of contemporary theories. It is exemplified by a case study.
In 1882 Bertha Pappenheim – Breuer’s “Anna O.” – remained at the Bellevue for morphine detox, which turned out unsuccessful despite of her recovery. According to the therapy, this subsequently prominent patient demanded no particular attention and did not undergo suggestion therapy.
The comparison with other contemporary private institutions grants the Bellevue exclusivity, even though many therapeutic principles and fundamentals elsewhere have had the same standard. The exceptional position of the Bellevue sanatorium results mainly from characteristics and beliefs personated by its director Robert Binswanger, who was paternal, warm-hearted, dedicated and widely educated. However, under the increasing burden of directing the expanding institution, he himself sometimes underwent depressive disorder.