Abstract:
After 30 years of intensive international research, processes involved in the mechanoelectrical transduction of signals in the inner ear are still unclear. Recently, finite-element methods have provided an invaluable tool to elucidate mechanical processes numerically. Therefore, in this thesis, a three-dimensional finite-element model of the stereocilia bundles of inner and outer hair cells was developed to analyse mechanical behaviour. The model is based on morphological and mechanical data from the guinea-pig cochlea at a distance of 6.2 mm from the apical end, where the characteristic frequency is 1080 Hz. For the outer hair cell, the model represents the characteristic w-form of the hair bundle and contains 75 stereocilia in three w-shaped rows, each with 25 stereocilia. The model contains 23,000 solid elements (stereocilia) and 6,870 beam elements (links). For the inner hair cells, the linear arrangement of the stereocilia is represented with 60 stereocilia in three straight rows, each with 20 stereocilia.
For the outer hair cell, the model indicated nonlinear dependence of deflection on statically applied force in the inhibitory direction when the magnitude of the force was greater than 0.025 nN. However, the dependence was linear for force applied in the excitatory direction. For inner hair cells, the deflection response was linear for static force applied in either direction.
Removal of a given type of extracellular link between the stereocilia – tip link, side link or row link – indicated that the tip links have the greatest influence on the deflection and, therefore, on the stiffness of the stereocilia bundle. Calculation of stress in the bundle shows a stress-peak in the upper tip link and a stress gradient from the upper to the lower tip link in the ratio 2:1. The highest stresses were found at the base of the stereocilia at the fixation point in the cuticular plate. The effect of the tip links on the bundle stiffness suggests a possible effect of the tip link directly on the channels.
Harmonic excitation for the outer hair cell bundle uncovered resonance frequencies at 4000, 5333 and 6000 Hz. Including a damping time constant of 30 µs to simulate damping by the perilymph, caused the frequency response of the displacement to be first-order low-pass filtered with 3-dB frequency at 5260 Hz. Nonlinear transient analysis with 1000-Hz stimulus showed a time delay in the oscillation, reminiscent of nonlinear response in the excitatory and inhibitory directions.
Finally, a wavelike movement of the outer hair cell stereocilia was found due to the w-configuration of their stereocilia. This observation suggests possibilities for sound processing by this hair bundle, different to that of the inner hair cell bundle.
In conclusion, this finite-element analysis has uncovered mechanical properties of the hair bundle that are consistent with experimental observations of the dependence of the amplitude and phase of the receptor potentials on sound frequency and intensity, dependent on hair-cell type.