Abstract:
Psychosurgery is a critical chapter in the history of biological psychiatry, founded on Griesingers view, „that all so called mentall illnesses are brain diseases“. Psychosurgery occupies a small place in contemporary stereotactic functional neurosurgery but disproportionately generates intense philosophical, scientific and non-medical argument concerning its legitimacy. A critical review of its historical and conceptual foundations shall shed light on questions und problems that will arise in today’s context of new techniques in functionel neurosurgery for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Deep brain stimulation, tried and tested in the treatment for movement disorders, the borderzone of neurology and psychiatry, may lead to a renaissance of psychosurgery.
Modern functional neurosurgery began in the latter half of the 1880s: What distinguished brain surgery during this period from preciding ones, consisted in identifying the surgical target in the human brain by relying upon the newly acquired knowledge of centres and pathways derived from the neurological and neuroanatomical research in the 1860s through the 1880s. Modern psychosurgery, which was defined in 1976 by the World Health Organization as “the selective surgical removal or destruction of nerve pathways for the purposes of influencing behavior” or later in 2000 under the name of “neurosurgery for mental disorder” by the Royal College of Psychiatrists as “a surgical procdure for the destruction of brain tissue for the purposes of alleviating specific mental disorders carried out by a stereotactic or other method capable of making an accurarte placement of the lesion”, begann during the same period. The conceptual frame that supported first psychosurgical attempts since the 1890s has not fundamentally changed; the principles and concepts seem to have remained the same and so have the arguments in favour and against psychosurgery. Burckhardt’s topectomy, Moniz’ leucotomy and Freemans lobotomy have one thing in common: localisationism. Conceptually, psychosurgery, and functionel neurosurgery in general, relied on localisationism: empirical lesion studies since Broca and Wernicke and stimulation studies since Frisch and Hitzig or Ferrier promised insight in cerebral functions on the basic reasoning that a function could be considered localized when its permanent loss followed damage to somme circumscribed area of the brain. Thinking that Psychosurgery is based on a flawed and impoverished vision of the relationship between brain tissue and psychological disorder Persaud already asked Should neurosurgery for mental disorder be allowed to die out? This criticism has aleady been a starting point for shifting attention and not to focus on an ideal singular target but to search for means of modulating an entire neuronal circuitry. The role of cortico-striato-thalamocortical (CSTC) loops in neuropsychiatric disorders shows that there may very well be no single target for a particular disorder, but that instead many anatomic locales might provide an interface for neuromodulation leading to symptom amelioration, as a neuropsychiatric disorder might in general more be like a neurociruitry-dysregualation than a simple hypo- or hyperfunctioning of a single brain area. Several authors have tried to construct models of the neuronal archtecture of psychiatric disorders concentrating not on a single center or anatomic defect held responsible for the disorder, but focussing on dysregulation phenomena between several neural circuits. These multicircuit models hypothesize that the primary pathogenic mechanism lies in a dyfunction of the basal ganglia/limbic striatal circuits that modulate neuronal ativity in and between portions of the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices as well as the medial, dorsomedial, and anterior thalamic nuclei. Some of the neronal-circuitry-dysregulation models for psychoses, obsessive compulsive disorder and depression are presented. Finally, the published cases of deep brain stimulation in the treatment for OCD, fear, depression and aggressive behaviour are discussed.