Abstract:
Ionotropic glutamate receptors are the prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system of vertebrates. The present study is aimed to uncover novel regulatory mechanisms of kainate receptors (KARs) and NMDA receptors (NMDARs).
Recently, it has been demonstrated that a gene variant of the KAR subunit GluR6 is significantly associated with autism. In this study it could be shown that the autism associated mutation M836I in GluR6 is a gain-of-function-mutation in the heterologous oocytes expression system. Coexpression of GluR6(M836I) with Rab11 led to a significant increase of GluR6(M836I) currents, whereas there was no effect of Rab11 on GluR6wt currents. Heterologous coexpression of Rab5 with GluR6wt resulted in a significant decrease of currents of GluR6wt but not of GluR6(M836I) currents. Therefore, the small G-protein Rab11 may be important for membrane re-insertion of GluR6(M836I), whereas Rab5 plays an important role in internalization of GluR6wt explaining the gain-of-function effect. The data presented provide novel insights into the molecular basis of the postulated linkage of GluR6(M836I) with autism.
Recently, it has been shown that GluR6 is stimulated by serum- and glucocorticoid- induced kinases (SGK1-3). However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena are unknown. Therefore, the potential modulatory proteins Grb2 (growth factor receptor-bound 2), Yotiao (A-kinase anchoring protein), RIL (reversion-induced LIM protein), mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and NDRG2 (N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2) were tested on their possible regulatory effect on GluR6 activity. Grb2 and Yotiao enhanced GluR6 activity, whereas RIL, mTOR and NDRG2 (in combination with SGK1) had an inhibitory effect.
As SGKinases and the closely related PKB regulate several ion channels, their effects on kainate receptor GluR7 and NMDA receptors were tested in this study. Whereas SGK2 and PKB inhibit GluR7 function, SGK3 stimulates GluR7 in the heterologous expression system. Coexpression of NMDAR1-1a/NR2B with SGK1 and SGK3 resulted in stimulation of NMDAR function.
In this study, I describe new aspects of the molecular basis of autism. Moreover, new modulators of the kainate receptors GluR6 and GluR7 and of NMDA receptors were identified, which may be of physiological importance.