Abstract:
Task: As part of the systematic investigation into the medical science and practice in Tübingen during the Third Reich, this dissertation focuses on life and work of “Gypsy Researcher” Robert Ritter who took part in the persecution of the Sinti and Romanies by the Nazi regime.
Born 1901 in Aachen, Ritter studied medicine and philosophy and, between 1932 and 1936, worked as senior psychiatrist under Robert Gaupp at the university hospital in Tübingen. His professorial dissertation from 1936, „Ein Menschenschlag“ (‘A Type of Human’), became a primary publication within “racial biology” and provided the basis of his subsequent career. From 1936 until the end of the War, he had substantial influence on Nazi racial politics, as director of the „Rassenhygienischen und Bevölkerungsbiologischen Dienststelle“ (‘Office for Racial Hygiene and Public Biology’) at the “Reichsgesundheitsamt” (health department) in Berlin. Thus Ritter both laid the theoretical foundation and contributed to the systematic execution of the Nazis’ extermination policies against the Sinti and Romanies. Smoothly “denazified” after 1945, Ritter was allowed to practice as psychiatric assessor in Frankfurt am Main where he died in 1951, then ranking as Chief Medical Councillor.
This paper is based on a critical analysis of historical sources and aims to provide an intellectual biography of the philosopher and medic Robert Ritter. The author evaluates Ritter’s academic theses and publications, especially the aforementioned professorial dissertation, and the available autobiographical evidence. The source material of this paper, taken from ten archives, encompasses all biographical stages of Ritter’s academic development and, starting at his first immatriculation at Tübingen, leads up to the last days of his life, by reference to his own patient records in a psychiatric hospital.
Conclusion: This paper critically elucidates Ritter’s intellectual development from “youth physician”, interested in orthopaedagogy, to theorist and practicioner of racial politics. The author points out how Ritter’s „Menschenschlag“ represents a eugenic theory that is, as an ideologically guided genealogy, characteristic for its time and that helped him to scientific and professional success.
This paper aims to contribute to the analysis of totalitarianism: It offers a reconstruction of the high-flying career of a medic who accepted and followed without questioning the zeitgeist of scientific racism. Thus Ritter, although never being a party member, rose to the highest ranks of Berlin’s racial politics and became a medical accomplice of Nazi crimes. Moreover, this study exposes, from a historical perspective, the apparently coherent construction of a medical ethos that allowed Robert Ritter to stylise himself, even in his job applications in the postwar period, as an ethically reflective doctor. Thirdly, the paper portrays some historical lines of development of the Tübingen psychiatric university hospital under Robert Gaupp and thus provides a revealing insight into the intellectual and political atmosphere of that institution during the early stages of the Nazi regime.