Abstract:
Introduction:
Neuronal reorganization after early brain lesions depends on timing, location and extent of the lesion.
The aim of this study was to search for a possible correlation between cortico-spinal reorganization and the extent of the pyramidal tract lesion. Representatively, the motor system of the hand was examined. In contrast to existing studies, our patients had lesions of similar timing and location. All suffered from congenital hemiparesis due to unilateral periventricular lesions (arising between the 24th and 36th weeks of gestation).
Methods:
Nine patients (age range, 16-23 years) and eight age-matched controls were stimulated with focal single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over both hemispheres using a figure-eight-coil. Motor-evoked potentials (MEP) of forearm-extensor-muscles were recorded bilaterally, and their latencies were measured.
Results:
We could demonstrate that the TMS results correlate with the extent of the structural lesion to hand motor projections of the pyramidal tract (as assessed by MRI in Staudt et al., Neuropediatrics 2000) as well as with the severity of hand motor impairment:
Only in patients with small or medium-sized lesions, contralateral MEPs could be elicited by TMS of the affected hemisphere. In patients with medium-sized or large lesions, abnormal ipsilateral MEPs were recorded after TMS of the contra-lesional hemisphere. Stimulation points and latencies of these ipsilateral MEPs of the paretic hand did not systematically differ from that of the contralateral MEPs of the non-paretic hand.
Conclusion:
Reorganization of the cortico-spinal system correlates with the extent of the structural lesion of pyramidal tract fibres in the periventricular white matter.
In patients with large lesions disrupting the pyramidal tract, the contralesional hemisphere takes over control of the paretic hand by abnormal ipsilateral projections. Those patients can actively grip, but the hand function is clearly impaired.
Patients with small lesions still have intact contralateral projections from the affected hemisphere to the paretic hand. Accordingly, the motor function of the paretic hand is only mildly reduced.