Abstract:
The main goal of post-transplantation monitoring in haematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HCST) is to predict negative events, such as disease relapse, graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease. For children with acute leukeamias today the recurrence of the underlying disease is the main cause of treatment failure. In previous articles it was shown that increasing levels of recipient cells (increasing mixed chimerism, MC) provide a crucial indication of an impending relapse. In these cases a new sustained remission can be achieved by early immunological intervention. Because of the rapid progression of acute leukaemias, the detection of an impending relapse by analysis of venous blood samples is only feasible for 1/3 of these children. One reason could be the low sensitivity of the quantitative technique available. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) relying on repetitive DNA sequences, i.e short tandem repeats (STR), the threshold to detect minor cell populations is determined by 1 %.
In this prospective study the chimaeric development of 114 children with acute leukaemia (84 ALL, 30 AML) was examined in venous blood samples (VB) and bone marrow samples (BM) via amplification of short tandem repeats (STR-PCR). With the goal to improve the sensitivity and specifics of this method, leukaemic-antigen associated celllineages (ALL: CD3-, CD10-, CD19-, CD34-; AML: CD33-, CD34-subpopulation) were separated out of the 239 bone marrow samples using an magnetic cell seperation technique and additionaly included into the research. The median timeframe investigated was 453 days (min. 16 days / max. 1586 days).
In 32 of the investigated cases (AML 5/30 patients, ALL 27/84 patients), frank haematological relapse occurred. In cases in which mixed chimaersim was detected at time of relapse, MC was most prevalent in the monitored cell lineages. However, the proof of mixed chimaerism wasn’t successful in all samples taken in this timeframe.
In CD34-positive cells MC could be verified in 14/21 cases of children suffering ALL and in the CD19-subfraction in 15/23 cases. In bone marrow samples increasing mixed chimaerism was detected in 23/27 patients. In samples from Children suffering AML, the association between relapse and MC was most strongly represented in the CD34-positive cells.
50 patients suffering ALL remained in remission post-transplantation. Only 6 of these children developed MC in the CD19-subfraction; in bone marrow samples 13. In T-cell associated cells (CD3) MC appeared in 15/50 cases. During the first two months post-transplantation autologous cells in venous blood samples were a commonly found incident in 25/50 cases due to the frequent examinations.
The real amount of leukaemic cells can be determined by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) relying on Ig/TCR-Rearrangements. The numbers of malignant cells evaluated with this qualitative technique were compared with the results taken by analysis of STR-PCR. In venous blood samples, MC did not appear until more than 3 malignant cells in 1000 non-malignant (0,3%) could be detected by RT-PCR. In samples of bone marrow and purified cell lineages, MC could be detected at 0,05%.
For this reason, autologous cells before frank relapse were determined in bone marrow samples sooner then in venous blood samples (median 67 days in comparison to 5 days). The median of days between first MC and frank relapse was about 40 days.
Within the first 150 days post transplantation, the association of recipient cells and relapse was highest in analysis of bone marrow samples (28%). In analysis of subpopulation samples, the average was about 20%, in venous blood samples about 17%.
In conclusion, analysis of leukaemic cell lineages increases the sensitivity and the predictability of the STR-PCR technique to detect an impending relapse versus venous blood testings. In comparison to analysis of bone marrow no significant benefit was obtained. This data leads to the conclusion that an MC both in leukaemic specific-celllinages and bone marrow samples, seems to be a negative predictor in regard to the therapeutic outcome.