Abstract:
Recent studies demonstrate that defects in apoptotic pathways are involved in both the development of astrocytomas and in their intrinsic resistance to genotoxic therapies. A major role in apoptosis regulation has been demonstrated for XIAP. Animal and in vitro glioma studies encourage therapeutic attempts at depleting XIAP with its endogenous antagonist Smac or mimics of its function.
In this study the protein expressions of XIAP and Smac in tissue micro arrays of 194 astrocytomas of different WHO grade (I-IV) were immunohistochemically analyzed. XIAP expression was found to increase significantly with the grade of malignancy, while Smac was expressed at the lowest levels in grade III tumors, whereas the highest expression was observed in glioblastoma. XIAP protein was generally not observed in neuronal cells, while Smac was strongly expressed in neurons of the normal brain and the infiltration zone of glioblastoma. Further, a significant correlation of patient age and XIAP expression was identified exclusively in glioblastoma. The two proteins exhibited a differing distribution in the tumor tissue. While the expression of XIAP was highly correlated in the tumor center and the periphery, Smac showed no correlation. This was interpreted as an evidence for the differing regulation of the two proteins, XIAP expected to be an immanent characteristic of the tumor while Smac seems to react to regional stimuli. A correlation of both proteins with cleaved caspase-8 and -9 as well as the rate of apoptosis as detected by the TUNEL assay could not assess any direct associations. Anti-apoptotic Smac revealed a significant association with survival in WHO grade II with high levels linked to a worse prognosis. XIAP displayed no association with survival in WHO grade-dependent Kaplan-Meier analysis. In conclusion, it is shown that XIAP is significantly upregulated in high grade glioma, confirming the feasibility of an anti-XIAP therapy. The Smac expression profile indicates that differences of apoptosis escape might exist between anaplastic astrocytoma and primary glioblastoma.