Abstract:
Combination therapy with ribavirin and IFN-alpha is the current standard treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Compared to monotherapy with IFN-alpha, this regimen has increased the virus elimination rate from 15 to 40%. However, the molecular mechanisms of this effect are poorly understood. With respect to ribavirin, direct antiviral effects have been described; nevertheless, they do not seem to fully explain the range of biological effects being observed. Therefore the question posed in the present study was whether – independently of the presence or absence of viral infection - the antiviral substances IFN and ribavirin are able to modulate the functional state of cells with respect to inducibility of apoptosis.
Since many viruses have evolved mechanisms that inhibit apoptosis, the opposite, namely, promotion of apoptosis, could be a successful mechanism by which a pharmaceutical compound
strengthens the host antiviral response. Following this line and considering that infected cells are likely to be attacked by CD95L-expressing immune cells, in this study it has been asked whether the antiviral substances IFN-alpha and ribavirin could modulate CD95-mediated apoptosis in the absence of virus.
The experiments have shown that IFN-alpha and ribavirin induce apoptosis to a moderate extent and, furthermore, that they are able to sensitize hepatoma cells for apoptosis induction by anti-CD95. Thus, we demonstrate an additional apoptosis-promoting effect of IFN and ribavirin that might be functional in host cells. Based on the very sensitive fluorometric assay, evidence was promoted for caspase activation in response to IFN-alpha and ribavirin in the absence of CD95 stimulation. The caspase activity was higher when IFN-alpha and ribavirin were given in combination than when each substance was used separately.
However, neither incubation with the single substances nor incubation with the combination led to visible cleavage products in the less sensitive Western blot assay. Stimulation with anti-CD95 alone induced also only limited apoptosis and levels of caspase activity that were detectable fluorometrically but not in the immunoblot assay. In contrast, when anti-CD95 was applied after pretreatment with either IFN-alpha, ribavirin, or the combination of the two, caspase activity was elevated to a level that was detectable by Immunoblot analysis, particularly when the combination was used. The positive effect of IFN and ribavirin on caspase cleavage and activation correlated with increased cleavage of the caspase substrate PARP and with an increased frequency of apoptosis. In the presence of zVAD, an irreversible caspase inhibitor, neither caspase activity nor apoptosis was detected. Thus, moderate activation of caspases might be a mechanism by which IFN-alpha and ribavirin support apoptosis induced by other moderate caspase activators such as anti-CD95 in our example.
Furthermore single elements of the death receptor-dependent pathway of caspase activation were investigated. The experiments revealed that the enhanced appearance of caspase cleavage products is similar for the executioner caspase-3 and caspase-7 and for the initiator caspase-8. This suggests that the initial event induced by pretreatment with IFN-alpha and ribavirin is located
upstream of caspase activation. However, the exact nature of the initial event remains to be established.
Ribavirin might affect signal transduction pathways by exerting nonspecific effects on cell proliferation and protein synthesis. The experiments demonstrated effects after 24 h when starting at doses of 25 µM, indicating that these effects might be independent of antiproliferative effects. Furthermore, other reports support the concept that low doses of ribavirin can influence intracellular signal transduction.
In summary, the data demonstrate that the antiviral substances IFN-alpha and ribavirin are able to induce apoptosis and to sensitize for apoptosis mediated by the death receptor CD95. The sensitization to CD95 stimulation by the antiviral agents might be of especial importance since binding of CD95L to CD95 is one of the two major pathways used by CTLs to kill their target cells. Therefore, such a mechanism could enhance the lymphocytic response of an organism to virus-infected or malignant cells.