Abstract:
Early-onset torsion dystonia is an autosomal-dominant movement disorder with disease onset in early childhood that manifests in sustained involuntary muscle contractions, often resulting in twisted or distorted postures throughout life. The disorder is caused by a three base-pair deletion encoding a glutamic acid within torsinA, the protein product of the DYT1 gene. To date, it is not understood how this three base-pair deletion leads to the development of early-onset torsion dystonia and a clear cellular function for torsinA remains to be elucidated.
This study verified Bex2 as a novel torsinA-interacting protein. Bex2, a small 125 amino acid protein, belongs to the Bex family, whose members have been implicated in neurotrophin signalling, cell cycle regulation and neuronal differentiation. Characterization of Bex2 and torsinA revealed co-localization of both proteins around the nucleus, pointing to a common role for Bex2 and torsinA at the nuclear envelope. Moreover, Bex2 and torsinA were shown to associate with cellular membranes and to localize to vesicle-like structures throughout the cytoplasm and along processes of rat neurons, suggesting that Bex2 and torsinA are bound to organelles that are transported along processes of neurons. This assumption is supported by co-localization of Bex2 with kinesin-I in vesicle-like structures throughout the cytoplasm and within processes of rat neurons, as kinesin-I is known to transport organelles and cargo anterogradely along microtubules. Kinesin-I has previously been demonstrated to interact with torsinA at the cytoplasmic face of cellular membranes. As this study shows co-localization of Bex2 with torsinA and kinesin-I, respectively, at vesicle-like structures, all three proteins may form a complex, tightly tethered to organelle membranes via Bex2 and torsinA and which is transported along microtubules via interaction with kinesin-I.
Furthermore, this study demonstrates interaction of Bex2 with the disease-causing, glutamic acid deleted delta E torsinA variant and co-localization studies showed that this interaction occurs around the nucleus, presumably at the nuclear envelope. Binding affinity of Bex2 to delta E torsinA tended to be higher than to wildtype torsinA, indicating an altered binding behaviour of mutant delta E torsinA to Bex2 at the nuclear envelope.
In summary, this study supports the theory that torsinA also interacts with proteins outside the ER and that torsinA plays a crucial role at the nuclear envelope where it binds specific substrates. It furthermore supports the hypothesis that an altered binding behaviour of delta E torsinA to those substrates may disturb distinct cellular processes and thus lead to the development of early-onset torsion dystonia.