Abstract:
Preterm born children, especially very preterm born (gestational age < 34 weeks) have an increased risk for brain lesions, typically periventricular leukomalacia (PVL).
Extent and topography of the lesion are supposed to determine clinical outcome, e.g. spastic cerebral palsy (CP), dysfunction of visuoperception or mental retardation. PVL in its typical form is located in the parieto-occipital white matter and in the centrum semiovale and, thus, offers a good model to investigate the influence of early subcortical lesions on motor (proximity to pyramidal tract) and visual development (proximity to primary and secondary visual cortex and dorsal visual pathway).
One aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a correlation between motor function and extent of the PVL within the pyramidal tract. Thirty-two children aged between 13 and 16 years, were examined neurologically and by magnet resonance imaging (MRI). Thirteen were former preterms (born between 27 and 34 weeks of gestation) with PVL and 19 control children without any neurological symptoms (10 of these were former preterms without PVL, and nine term born children). The severity of damage to the pyramidal tract was assessed on reconstructed semi-coronal planes on MRI following anatomical landmarks of somatotopic organization in the precentral gyrus and in the internal capsule. Global severity of PVL was assessed by a volumetric measure of the white matter. A strong correlation between the impairment of motor function of the four extremities and the pyramidal tract damage was found. There was no correlation between motor function and gobal white matter volume.
The second aim of this study was to investigate whether subcortical lesions in the parieto-ocipital domain affect visuoperception, more precisely whether former preterms with PVL have impaired biological motion perception. For this purpose, 28 children (19 preterm born children, 11 with PVL) of the above described group were tested with a simultaneous masking paradigm (either a walking person consisting of 11 moving light-dots, masked by 44 also moving dots or 55 moving dots without a person) which is used for the investigation of gestalt-perception and was adapted to the age of the children. On a confidence rating scale ranged from 1-5 the children had to judge whether a walker was present or not. A significant difference between correct and wrong answers was found between preterms with PVL and controls, the former having less good results. There was no difference between preterms without PVL and term born children, so that it can be assumed that not preterm birth in general but the specific brain lesion is the reason for an impairment in biological motion perception.
The results of both investigations show that early bilateral subcortical lesions dependent on their topography can effect specific visuo-perceptive abilities and also neurological functions, and that the extent of such lesions in the domain of the pyramidal tract correlates strongly with the motor impairment. These findings are important for the discussion of early brain plasticity as they indicate limits in the compensatory potential of the young brain.