Abstract:
In ten percent all cases the malignant melanoma of the skin occurs as a familial disease, but only for a limited number of these cases a responsible gene or a mutation could be identified. The search focuses, besides other targets, on the group of tumour suppressor genes, of which the NBS1 gene is a representative. Homozygote mutations within the NBS1 gene cause the Nijmegen Breakage syndrome (NBS), a rare hereditary disease, which is passed on via an autosomal-recessive pathway. The NBS1 gene product nibrin forms a multimetric complex with hMre11/Rad50 nuclease and is, besides other functions, involved in the repair of DNA double strand breaks. Based on the facts that UV-exposure plays a significant role in the development of the malignant melanoma of the skin and that NBS-patients usually show an increased sensibility to radiation, it was hypothesized that changes of the DNA sequence within NBS1 might appear in an increased number in melanoma patients, and consequently, might be associated with an increased risk of melanoma pathogenesis.
In the present study, in a first step the genomic DNA of 376 melanoma patients was screened for mutations in exon 6 of NBS1. This analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturating high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Afterwards, samples with unusual findings were directly sequenced. The analysis revealed sequence alterations in 3 cases. One patient was heterozygote for the NBS1 founder mutation 657del5, the second case showed the missense mutation V210F (628G-T) and in the third patient the amino acid substitution F222L (664T-C) could be identified in heterozygote condition. The F222L substitution has not been reported in the literature so far. A comparison study, which was performed by direct sequencing of the same patient population, could additionally identify the point mutation R215W in another patient. The frequency of each sequence variation was below 1% within the study population.
To exclude the newly identified variation F222L (664T-C) from being a common variant, a larger, unselected cohort of 629 melanoma patients and 590 cancer-free controls was analysed in a second step using MassEXTEND/MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. Based on the fact that no further case of F222L could be identified, it was defined to be a non-disease associated, non-classified variation.
Finally, a molecular genetic association study was initiated to determine the potential role of NBS1 in melanoma predisposition. In this study, the DNA of 632 melanoma patients and 614 healthy controls from Germany were analysed. Three NBS1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were chosen as markers from the database of the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and were genotyped in four DNA-pools as well as individually by MassEXTEND/MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. Furthermore, reconstruction and analysis of the haplotypes by the software programme PHASE (version 1.0) provided further molecular genetic information of the study population. No statistically significant association between NBS1 and the risk of melanoma development could be identified.
In conclusion, it can be stated the tumour suppressor gene NBS1 does not play a major role in melanoma predisposition in Germany.