Abstract:
Induction of apoptosis is a reaction of human lymphocytes and lymphoma cells to irradiation or treatment with anticancer drugs. Apoptosis induction requires the activation of a highly coordinated signaling network which leads through mitochondrial apoptosis pathways to the activation of caspases.
In previous works, it has been shown that the tyrosine kinase p56/Lck is involved in the induction of apoptosis in response to ionizing radiation, treatment with ceramide or overexpression of the HIV-TAT protein. However, the position of Lck within the apoptotic signaling network remained unclear. Therefore, this study aimed at defining the role of Lck within apoptotic signaling pathways after irradiation or treatment of cells with cytotoxic drugs.
In contrast to Lck-expressing Jurkat T cells and Lck-retransfected JCaM1.6/Lck cells, no apoptosis induction, breakdown of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome c and caspase activation were detectable after irradiation of Lck-deficient JCaM1.6 cells. Thus, during radiation-induced apoptosis, the phenotype of Lck-deficient cells strongly ressembles that of cells overexpressing Bcl-2, in which mitochondrial apoptosis pathways are inhibited. Since mitochondrial apoptosis pathways act within a feedback mechanism during death receptor mediated apoptosis, the requirement of Lck for CD95/Fas/Apo-1-L or TRAIL-induced apoptosis was also investigated. Death receptor stimulation induced apoptosis in Lck-expressing cells as well as in Lck-deficient cells. However the kinetics of apoptosis induction was clearly slowed in Lck-deficient cells. Treatment with the chemotherapeutic drugs Doxorubicin, Paclitaxel or 5-FU also resulted in apoptosis-induction with mitochondrial alterations and activation of caspases in Lck-expressing cells but hardly in Lck-deficient cells. To further elucidate the role of Lck for the regulation of apoptotic signal transduction, it was tested whether kinase activity of p56/Lck was required for apoptosis induction. Treatment with the Src kinase inhibitor PP2 revealed that kinase-activity of p56/Lck may be dispensable for its proapoptotic activity. Further experiments showed that the function of p56/Lck during apoptosis induction cannot be replaced by the related tyrosine kinase Src, indicating a specific role of the tyrosine kinase p56/Lck in apoptosis signaling.
In conclusion, p56/Lck is involved in the regulation of early steps of the mitochondrial apoptosis signaling cascade in a Lck-specific and kinase-independent manner.