Abstract:
One of the most important tropical diseases on earth is falciparum malaria. About 40% of the world´s population live in endemic areas. Not only are children at a high risk to fall ill with the disease, but pregnant women also form a group with an increased susceptibility to malaria.
Studies about a continuing risk to fall ill with malaria immediately following delivery have yielded different results. Until lately it has been agreed upon that an increased risk of malaria does not exist in the post-partum period. In a recent study from the Senegal, however, the opposite conclusion has been drawn.
On the background of these contrasting results, the present study investigated the susceptibility of mothers in the immediate post-partum period in Lambaréné, Gabon, an area of malaria hyperendemicity in the Central African rainforest belt. A study group of 148 women who had just given birth was compared to a control group of 136 non-pregnant women. During a three-month-study period the participants were examined in weekly intervals.
During an examination period of 24.8 person-years the risk to fall ill with symptomatic malaria was ten times higher (95% CI: 1.4 - 420) in the study group than in the matching control group with 22.0 person-years. The difference in results is highly significant (p=0.006). With regard to all infections found including the asymptomatic cases, the risk of infection is 2.7 times higher in the study group (95% CI: 1,0 - 8,2) in an examination period of 24.3 person-years. Again, the result differs significantly (p=0.03) from that of the control group with an examination period of 21.7 person-years. The relative risk to develop symptomatic malaria is 3.7 times higher in mothers with peripheral parasites (95% CI 0.6 - 22.8; p=0.059). With regard to the examination period, a specific pattern of appearance of infections was not detected. Neither could a significant difference between the risk for primigravidae and multigravidae or a connection with earlier infections during pregnancy be proven, nor could a convincing relation of risk of infection and use of bednet or chloroquine prophylaxis be established.
Post-partal malaria needs further investigation. Especially the influence of the cellular and humoral immune system including the hormones progesteron and cortisol is of great interest. It is undeniable that HIV and AIDS should be incorporated as factors in future study projects. As prevention tools, the introduction of intermittent prophylaxis treatment and the reinforcement of use of impregnated bednets are recommended.