Abstract:
Background: The renarrowing of interventionally treated vessels still remains a limiting factor of these procedures depending on the localization. Catheter-based radiation therapy has shown to be an effective method to reduce in-stent restenosis, however is associated with logistic efforts. Therefore attempts have been made to coat stents with radioactive materials. As a side-effect these stents lead to an increased renarrowing at the stent margins called the candy wrapper. Furthermore, late stent thrombosis was observed. Initially the Isotope P-32, which was the only one placed on stents so far, was accused to induce these changes. Due to a newly developed coating procedure, it was possible to apply other isotopes for this task. In the presented study Re-186 was examined for its possible therapeutic effect in this context without presenting the side-effects of P-32.
Methods: After standardized vessel injury, 17 minipigs were treated with 2 peripheral and 2 coronary stents. The activities used were 10,86 MBq in the left anterior descending, 17,77 MBq in the right circumflex and 10,67 MBq (D1), 77,56 MBq (D2), 136 MBq (D3) in the common carotid artery. After 8 weeks a control angiography was conducted. After a total of 12 weeks animals were killed and the vessels collected. Specimen were examied using morphometric and histopathologic methods.
Results: Minimal luminal diameter (MLD) at 8 weeks was 1,13±0,36 mm in the LAD and 0,99±0,18 mm in the RCX, which was less than the control group with 1,78±0,67 mm in the LAD and 1,6±0,63 mm in the RCX. In the control group of the carotid arteries this parameter was 3,69±0,49 mm. The values for the dose groups were 2,6±0,77 mm (D1), 3,03±0,54 mm (D2) and 2,79±0,54 mm (D3). In the irradiated vessels a candy-wrapper could be seen. Intimal area was increased in the irradiated vessels with 2,4±0,9 mm² in the LAD and 3,1±1,4 mm² in the RCX, while control groups showed 1,8±1,1 mm² and 2,2±0,9 mm², respectively. Similarly the middle dose group of the carotids showed the highest intimal area with 6,4±3,7 mm² while control was 2,7±1,3 mm².
Furthermore, the irradiated coronary arteries showed a thickening of the adventitia with 0,8±0,2 mm (RIVA) and 0,8±0,1 mm (RCX) (control RIVA: 0,2±0,3 mm, RCX: 0,2±0,2 mm). Comparably, the adventitia of the peripheral stents measured 0,2±0,1 mm in the control, 1,0±0,3 mm in D1, 1,7±0,4 mm in D2 and 1,7±0,3 mm in D3.
Histopathology showed that all irradiated vessels were incompletely regenerated especially in terms of reendothelialization. In addition, an increased chronic inflammation was observed, which especially applied for the LAD. Besides, correlating to the thickening of the adventitia a fibrosis could be detected which lead to a deformation of the stents in the carotids.
Conclusion: An attenuation of restenosis could not be achieved with the presented Re-186 coating in the porcine model used. As was the case with other isotopes a candy-wrapper could be detected. Characteristic histologic changes after irradiation were prolonged regeneration with incomplete reendothelialization. In this regard, coronary and peripheral vessels showed a similar pattern of reaction to irradiation. Due to the increased fibrosis in the vessel wall some of the carotid stents showed a bending of the material itself.