Abstract:
The first aim of this study was to obtain a satisfactory understanding of the approximate visco-elastic behaviour of two direct (DiamondLite and Grandio) and two indirect (Artglass and Vita Zeta LC) dental composites under simulated oral conditions. Our second objective was determining their glass transition temperatures (Tg) in order to prevent us from choosing a dental composite that would undergo sudden changes in its mechanical properties whilst it is in clinical service. Within these objectives the composite samples were tested immediately after fabricated or after stored at 37°C, either in air or distilled water for 1 day, 7, 45 or 90 days. During dynamic testing, the elastic modulus (E'), viscous modulus (E'') and loss tangent (Tan delta) were determined using a dynamic mechanical analyser (DMA) over a frequency range from 0.1 to 10 Hz, at constant temperatures between 5 and 55°C. Afterwards the same samples were scanned over a larger temperature range, from 0 to 200°C, which would cover mouth temperature and composites’ likely glass transition temperature, at an approximate masticatory frequency of 1 Hz. The results suggested that the composites underwent post-curing during storage at 37°C, which resulted in higher E' and lower E'' and Tan delta values. Water storage and higher temperatures had a plasticizing effect on the composites, thus reducing their E' and increasing their E'' and Tan delta. Higher frequencies tended to have the opposite effect on these properties. Additionally, based on the high glass transition temperatures (Tg) measured during the test and on the fact that materials are basically equilibrated at 37°C in the mouth and are not thermal conductors, temperature changes from 37°C are expected to be small and should lead to only modest changes in both moduli. Therefore, no phase transition is expected. According to these results we could say that the possibility of monitoring the visco-elastic properties of dental composite materials under conditions that simulate the oral environment seems to be an important tool to obtain more clinically significant experimental results.