Abstract:
Due to their central role in the initiation and regulation of innate and acquired immune responses, the dendritic cells (DC) are considered to be the most important antigen-presenting cells. Although it is known that Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) can affect and to some extent impair DC function, and malarial disease caused by this parasite arguably is the most important parasitosis of humans, few studies on this topic have been published. As mainly young children are at high risk of experiencing clinically severe malarial episodes, the understanding of the neonatal immune system and its interactions with Pf are a priority. In the present study, baseline data for the concentrations of DC subtypes in cordblood (CB) in a highly Pf-exposed population in Lambarene, Gabon, were collected.
Enumerations of myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) were carried out by fluorescence-flowcytometry (FACS). The markers BDCA-1 and BDCA-2 were used for identification of the DC populations.
Results of 41 CB samples could be included in the analysis. With a mean mDC:pDC-ratio of 2:3, on average 5000 mDC and 7000 pDC were present in 1 milliliter of CB. In children exposed to Pf in utero, mDC numbers were significantly higher. The concentrations of CBDC decreased with increasing maternal age.
The increased numbers of DC found in cases with maternal Pf burden fit investigations that showed a Th2 shift of the immune responses in such children. While mDC are supposed to initiate mainly Th1 responses, functional deficits have been described in the case of CBDC, which lead to preferential induction of Th2 responses. In contrast to studies in malaria patients, no changes in the functionally important HLA-DR expression were found. This suggests that the agents responsible for the alterations observed in the newborn do not compromise the DC function in this way, in contrast to infected red blood cells. The decline of absolute concentrations of both DC subpopulations with increasing maternal age could be related to chronic immunomodulation by persisting helminth infections, but this hypothesis requires further studies.