Abstract:
Basophils and mast cells are important effector cells of inflammatory reactions. In contrast to eosinophils
and neutrophils, they possess high-affinity immunoglobulin (Ig) E receptors (FcRI) that are cross-linked and thereby activated upon engagement of receptor-bound IgE with allergens, resulting in the release of several mediators to the extracellular space. In addition, membrane bound activation markers like the granuleassociated molecule CD63 and the ecto-enzyme CD203c are relocated to the plasma membrane.
These markers are now routinely used for flow cytometry-based basophil activation tests. However, the population size of activated basophils as defined by the CD63 and CD203c tests differs significantly. Thus, only a subpopulation of basophils that is sensitive to allergen-induced CD203c upregulation shows also an upregulated expression of CD63. Moreover, the kinetic profile of CD63 upregulation and the sensitivity to inhibitors and activators of FcRI-mediated signalling differs from that of CD203c. In a recent report it was demonstrated that tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), a stimulator of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, leads to an accelerated and enhanced CD203c upregulation, but a delayed CD63 upregulation. In contrast, the phosphoinositol- 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin effectively inhibited CD203c as well as the CD63 upregulation
Using two-colour flow cytometry >200 antibodies submitted to the 8th International Workshop of Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA8) have been analyzed for their reactivity with resting and activated CD203c+ basophils. Four antibodies either non-reactive or weakly reactive with resting basophils exhibited an increased reactivity with basophils activated by anti-IgE-mediated cross-linking of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcRI). These include antibodies against CD164 (WS-80160, clone N6B6 and WS-80162, clone 67D2), as well as two reagents with previously unknown specificities that were identified as CD13 (WS-80274, clone A8) and CD107a (WS-80280, clone E63-880) using immunoprecipitation and subsequent mass spectrometry. The activation patterns followed either the “CD203c-like” or “CD63-like” activation profile. The CD203c profile is characterized by a rapid upregulation (of CD13, CD164, and CD203c), reaching maximum levels after 5- 15 min of stimulation. The PI3K-specific inhibitor wortmannin inhibited the upregulation of these markers whereas TPA induced a rapid and FcRI-independent upregulation within 1-2 min. In the CD63 profile, maximum upregulation (of CD63 and CD107a) was detected only after 20-40 min, and upregulation by TPA reached maximum levels after 60 min.
In summary, CD13, CD107a, and CD164 were identified as novel basophil-activation antigens. Based on time kinetics of upregulation and sensitivity to signalling inhibitors and activators, it can be hypothesized that molecules of the “CD203c group” and the “CD63 group” are linked to two different mechanisms of basophil activation.