Abstract:
Background: Atherosclerosis is a disease of the blood vessels which can often be detected in patients at an early age already. Appearing predominantly in the coronary arteries and because of the diseases resulting from that fact, atherosclerosis is the main course of death in the western industrial countries. By an early diagnosis of the atherosclerotic lesions and the image of the plaque consistence, the estimation of risk for the patients affected can be improved and a suitable therapy be initiated early. However the exact imaging of atherosclerotic lesions especially in the coronary arteries is still very challenging both for non-invasive and invasive imaging techniques.
Studies on the white New Zealand rabbit were made in order to check the possibilities of the multi-detector computer tomography (MDCT) for the detection and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions. For this purpose 24 animals were divided into three groups, the 0.5% group (n=8), the 1% group (n=9) and the control group (n=4). The groups were fed with 0,5% and 1% cholesterol fodder according to their names while the control group was fed with standard fodder. This was done for a period of 16 weeks (0,5 and 1% group) and alternatively for a period of 24 and 48 weeks (control-group). After the first 16 weeks the animals of the 0,5% and the 1% group received standard fodder for additional 8 weeks. Every two weeks blood samples were taken in order to determine the plasma parameters. Following the feeding period, the animals were examined in a MDCT (16-slice CT) for the imaging and characterisation of the atherosclerotic lesions. Thereafter the Aorta was taken, fixed, divided in segments - 4 segments of the Aortic arch (AoBo); 16 segments of the Aorta thoracalis - and histologically produced and analysed for comparison with the MDCT-data.
Results: The blood samples showed an average plasmatic cholesterol concentration of 1609 ± 537 mg/dl for the 0,5% group and 2056 ± 1060 mg/dl for the 1% group. The cumulative cholesterol uptake and the overall cholesterol burden of the 1% group was therefore significantly (p<0,0001 and p=0,03) higher than those of the 0,5% group.
The histological examination showed clear atherosclerotic lesions (type IV-Va American Heart Association), but it was not possible to determine differences in the plaque size between the 0,5% group and the 1% group (p>0,05). In comparison with the control group, no luminal narrowing could be detected (p>0,05). However the strength of the vessel wall of the Aorta of the 0,5% and 1% group was thickened comparing with the control group in the AoBo and the proximal Aorta thoracalis (p<0,05; for the 1% group only in the AoBo). The maximum plaque thickness messured in the AoBo was 1,247 mm. In the plaques of the 0,5% and 1% group a lipid portion of the plaque area of about 63 % (p>0,05) and a macrophage portion of about 61 % (p>0,05) was verified. The plaques showed no mentionable calcifications in the von Kossa coloration. In most of the cases a continuous and concentric atherosclerotic affection of the Aortic wall could be found which faded with increasing distance to the heart.
Discussion: The MDCT examinations were not able to verify these findings. It was not possible to disassociate the plaques from the vessel lumen and the surrounding tissue. Therefore, it was not possible to give a statement about the plaques or their consistence with the MDCT. There are three points which are of special importance when it comes to the reason why the plaques couldn’t be imaged. On the one hand, there are compensatory remodelling processes of the arteries, on the other hand, the consistence of the plaques (rich of lipids but not calcified) which made a disassociation from the surrounding tissue very difficult (similar density and Hounsfield Units). And last but not least, the currently not sufficient solution of the MDCT for structures of a maximum size of up to 1,2 mm.
Considering the results of all measured segments, they correlated for the 0,5% (r=0,66), 1% (r=0,71) and the control group (r=0,75) with the MDCT.
Conclusion: Finally it is to be noted, that the MDCT is a technology with great potential for the non-invasive detection and characterisation of atherosclerotic lesions, as previous studies on humans have showed. However, at the moment, improvements of the local and temporal solution, as well as an optimation of the examination protocols, are still needed in order to use this method in clinical routines for a wide spectrum of patients and for early diagnosis.