Abstract:
Neuroblastoma is the second most common malignant tumour in children before the age of 6. In advanced stages it usually affects bone marrow and has an unfavourable prognosis, in spite of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. Characteristically, neuroblastoma cells produce catecholamines and some express the noradrenaline transporter. The catecholamine-analogous substance 6-fluorodopamine (6-FDA) is selectively transported into neuroblastoma cells by the noradrenaline and/or dopamine transporter. Within the cell it can be transformed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a highly cytotoxic compound which produces reactive oxygen compounds. If neuroblastoma cells are incubated in vitro with 6-FDA, parts of it are transformed to 6-OHDA before a significant portion can be taken up by the catecholamine transport systems. This process can be delayed in the presence of ascorbate. Therefore, the time to incorporate 6-fluorodopamine can be prolongued. It was speculated to use 6-FDA for purging of bone marrow cells from contaminating neuroblastoma cells prior to autologous bone marrow transplantation.
Experiments presented in this doctoral thesis showed, that 6-fluorodopamine was cytotoxic to neuroblastoma cells expressing the noradrenaline transporter after one hour incubation time in vitro. Neuroblastoma cells not expressing the noradrenaline transporter were less sensitive. Unexpectely, 6-fluorodopamine strongly reduced the growth and colony building capacity of hematopoetic stem cells,too. The reason for these strong effects are unknown. Recently, it was shown by several research groups, that also hematopoetic cells can express catecholamine transporters and, therefore, they sould also be able to take up 6-FDA.
The effect of ascorbic acid was dose-dependent. Using relative small concentrations (10-25µM), ascorbate prevented the transformation of 6-FDA to 6-OHDA outside the cells and, therefore, led to a more selective cytotoxicity on neuroblastoma cells expressing the catecholamine transporter. However, by using higher concentrations (~100µM) ascorbic acid was able to prevent the cytotoxicity on catecholamine transporters expressing neuroblastoma cells- as well as on neuroblastoma cells lacking transporter expression. Due to the results obtained by these investigations, we rejected the concept for using 6-FDA for bone marrow purging from neuroblastoma cells.
Amazingly, hematopoetic stem cells which were treated with ascorbate in the course of our investigations grew better and formed more hematopoetic colonies than the control groups. Since colony formation in vitro correlates with the ability of hematopoetic stem cells to regenerate bone marrow after autologous stem cell transplantation, ascorbate may also increase the regeneration of bone marrow cells in vivo.