Abstract:
Subject and method:
This thesis deals with the situation of the private sanatorium Bellevue in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland, during the years 1906-1910. Above that it focuses on the definition and symptomatology of schizophrenia. The thesis is part of the so called “Binswanger-project”. This project works out the history of the private sanatorium Bellevue owned by the Binswanger family. The sanatorium Bellevue was built in 1857 by Ludwig Binswanger as a psychiatric sanatorium. After Ludwigs death, his son Robert continued directing the asylum. In 1907, Ludwig Binswanger junior entered the sanatorium and overtook its direction in 1910. Bellevue was owned by the Binswanger family until its closing in 1980.
The study was based on medical records, administration files and family documents at the archive of the University of Tübingen. Demographic and medical data were investigated and subjected to quantitative analysis. An incidental choice of medical records was completely transcribed and evaluated precisely.
Results:
During 1906-1910, 613 patients were admitted to Bellevue, the annual average was 122 patients. On average, the patients stayed at the sanatorium for one to two months. Male patients prevailed moderately. Most of the patients were married and most of them were between 30 and 39 years old. Concerning religion, the protestant confession dominated with 52% of the patients. More than half of the patients belonged to the upper social class. Mercantile jobs prevailed. Assuming state borders of today, only 8% of the patients came from Switzerland (in contrast to earlier periods of investigation), 50% were from Germany, the rest came from other European countries or were from overseas.
Until 1908, the most prevalent diagnosis was neurasthenia (14%), whereas in 1909-1910 it was Dementia praecox (22,6%). This disease, the development of its concept by Kraepelin and its use at the sanatorium Bellevue is the central subject of this thesis. Compared to earlier periods, the part of nervous patients and addicts increased a lot during 1906-1910, the part of schizophrenic diseases moderately.
At Bellevue, "Traitment morale" and aspects of a healthy environment were considered main fundaments of the therapeutic concept. A friendly, intimate atmosphere was favoured and the patients were to be educated to leading a well-regulated life. In addition to that, occupational therapy, pharmacotherapy, physical therapy and after 1900 psychotherapy were offered at the sanatorium. Ludwig Binswanger junior introduced psychoanalytic concepts during his period as director of Bellevue.
Compared to public mental homes during 1906-1910, Bellevue had less patients, a lot more staff and more convenient equipment. The stays of patients were shorter, the patch bigger than in public sanatoriums. The part of patients belonging to middle and upper class was bigger. Neurotic diagnosis prevailed. Compared to other private sanatoriums during 1906-1910 only small differences were found concerning quantitative aspects.