Abstract:
Costimulatory signals play a key role in regulating T cell activation and are
believed to have decisive influence in the inciting and perpetuating cellular
effector mechanisms in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS).
Inducible costimulator protein (ICOS), a recently identified member of the
CD28-family, presumably affects the differentiation of Th1/Th2 cells after
primary activation and modulates the immune response of effector/memory T
cells.
This study examined the constitutive expression as well as upregulated
expression after antigen-specific stimulation of ICOS and the cytokines IL-4, IL-
10 and IFN-g in healthy donors and patients with MS. Gene-expression of these
molecules and numerous B7-costimulatory molecules was also examined in
brain tissue specimen from a patient with MS as well as in antigen presenting
cells. Additionally ICOS expression in CD4+CD25+ cells and in Th1 and Th2
specific T cell lines was examined. For this purpose techniques such as flow
cytometry and QRT-PCR were used. Furthermore the question whether QRTPCR
is an appropriate approach to detect changes in the gene expression
profile in low frequencies of autoreactive T cells was addressed.
Analysis of ICOS gene-expression in Th1 and Th2 specific T cell lines clearly
revealed ICOS gene expression being restricted to Th2 specific cells whereas it
was absent in Th1 specific cell lines. Comparison of constitutive cell surface
expression and upregulational kinetics of ICOS on CD4+- and CD8+-T cells
showed no differences in patients with MS and healthy individuals. It was
furthermore shown that ICOS is not exclusively expressed in CD4+CD25+ cells
and thus is not a marker for this regulatory subset. Gene expression of ICOS,
IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-g in PBMCs after antigen specific stimulation in MS patients
and healthy individuals differed for IL-4 and IL-10 after stimulation with MBP84-99
and MOG, respectively. IL-4 expression was higher in healthy individuals,
whereas greater IL-10 expression was detected in MS patients. However, as
these two Th2 cytokines were upregulated in MS patients and healthy
individuals in an opposing way, no conclusions with respect to their role and the role of ICOS in the pathogenesis of MS can be drawn. With regard to the
expression of B7-costimulatory molecules in APC it is not surprising that the
greatest amounts of gene expression was found in mature DC as these cells
are the most potent APC. Some interesting findings could also be made for the
gene-expression of ICOS and other costimulatory molecules in tissue specimen
from a patient with MS: In one human brain specimen classified as “normal
appearing white matter” upregulated gene expression of ICOS, other B7
costimulatory molecules and of inflammatory cytokines could be detected
whereas in other specimen also classified as “normal appearing white matter”
only moderate levels of these molecules could be found. This noteworthy
observation indicates that in CNS of MS patients inflammatory activity is
potentially present in histopathologically normal appearing areas. With regard to
the applicability of QRT-PCR to detect changes in the gene expression profile
of autoreactive T cells it was found that the method is useful as long as
frequencies of the cells are higher as the elucidated detection threshold.