Abstract:
In the industrial nations, atherosclerosis and its associated diseases are the most common reasons of death and invalidity. During the disease process atherosclerosis is associated with a significant reduction of vessel wall elasticity. Garlic and garlic preparations are supposed to have several preventive and therapeutic effects, especially concerning atherosclerotic diseases. In this study we investigated if alimentary garlic substitution leads to a change of vessel wall elasticity in hypercholesterolemic New Zealand White rabbits. As a marker of vessel wall elasticity, the Doppler-sonographically measured arterial pulse wave arrival time was used.
As test animals, 24 male New Zealand White rabbits were used. During a time frame of 15 weeks, animals of the control group (group 1; n=4) received a cholesterol-free standard diet. Animals of group 2 (n=10) were administered the standard diet containing additional 0,5% cholesterol. Animals of group 3 (n=10) received the standard diet, enriched with 0,5% cholesterol plus 2% garlic powder preparation. In the beginning and after weeks 5,10 and 15 the arterial pulse wave arrival time was measured at two anatomic landmarks (Aorta abdominalis, Arteria femoralis communis) by a continous-wave Doppler-sonography and simultaneously registered ECG. In addition to blood takes for laboratory parameters, blood pressure and heart frequency of the animals were measured. After the trial, relevant arteries and internal organs of the animals were resected. Several morphometric analysis regarding the degree of stenosis, plaque volume, lumen and vessel size were performed on EvG-stained arterial cross-sections.
In the cholesterol-fed animals there was extensive plaque formation in all arteries. The vessel lumen of the aortic arch in the cholesterol-fed groups was approximately 30% smaller than in the control animals. A slight increase of total vessel size could not compensate those changes. In groups 2 and 3 there was a significant reduction of hematocrit (approx. 30%) and fibrinogen concentration. An effect of garlic substitution on the mentioned parameters could not be identified. Pulse wave arrival time showed a tendential increase in all groups, that reached statistically significant levels in the Arteria femoralis communis at week 10. After re-calculation of pulse wave arrival time to a standardized heart frequency, the garlic-fed animals showed a significantly increased pulse wave arrival time compared to the control group, starting at week 10. The finding of an increased pulse wave arrival time is in contrast to the results of most other studies that showed reduced values under hypercholesterolemically induced atherosclerosis. In both vessels (Aorta abdominalis, Arteria femoralis communis), a predescribed inverse relation of heart frequency and pulse wave arrival time was observed. At a stable heart rate level, especially the garlic group showed a relatively reduced pulse wave velocity compared to group 2 and even to the control group (i.e. “heart frequency neutrality”).
According to our results, garlic supplementation may modulate the factor heart frequency. Further, our results suggest that the effect of garlic on pulse wave arrival time and heart frequency may be due to an increased elasticity and viscoelasticity of the vessel wall. To a certain amount alimentary garlic substitution might neutralize the cholesterol effect and, in addition, contribute actively to an increased vessel wall elasticity.