Abstract:
Amalgam has been applied as filling material in dentistry even since 1819. However, the problematic biocompatibility of Amalgam has not or rarely been regarded. In the 1950s Gallium and Indium were used as substitutes for Mercury. At the same time, Gallium-alloy, was developed as a new filling mate-rial and thus comparable to conventional Amalgam. The in vitro investigations on biocompatibility have predominantly been taken on fibroblasts during the 1990s. Still, the test period was mostly too short to make statements of clinical significance.
The present dissertation analyses the toxic potential of Amalgam and Gallium-alloy by applying cell-biological test methods on liver cells (cell line Chang Liver) and kidney cells (cell line A-498). The toxic effect was measured by the reduction of cell vitality. The toxic effect produced by both filling materials was compared. In addition, the coherence between the pH-value of the saliva and the incubation pe-riod of the filling material being embedded in artificial saliva, was considered. Two artificial saliva so-lutions, NaCL/lactat with a pH-value of 2,3 and Fusayama with a pH-value of 5,25, were used for this investigation. The maximum incubation period amounted to 56 days. The toxic effect of both filling materials on the cell lines was only produced by the test objects which were incubated in NaCL/lactat. This fact could be attributed to the release of filling components at a pH-value of 2,3. A significant re-duction of cell vitality could be observed as an impact on the cells of both cell lines which had been treated with extracts of both Amalgam and Gallium-alloy test objects incubated in NaCL/lactat. The reduction of cell vitality lead to cell death using a lower dilution of the extracts. In contrast to this, there was no significant reduction of cell vitality of both cell lines seen which was caused by the ex-tracts incubated in Fusayama. A higher dilution retarded and decreased the toxic effect at both cell lines. A dose-dependant reduction of cell vitality right to cell dying was still caused. Finally, the toxic effect of the Amalgam test objects compared to the Gallium-alloy test objects appeared to be first re-tarded and then reduced. In consequence, the Amalgam extracts disposed of a lower cell toxicity than the Gallium-alloy extracts.
In the context of this dissertation it could demonstrated that there is a remarkable toxic effect on A-498 cells and Chang liver cells caused both by Amalgam and Gallium-alloy. In case of Amalgam, espe-cially the high concentration of copper ions, and in case of Gallium-alloy, the high concentration of Gallium ions seems to be responsible for the toxic effect. The direct comparison of both filling materi-als indicates a higher toxicity of Gallium-alloy. In consequence, Gallium-alloy can not be recom-mended as substitute of Amalgam.