Abstract:
The subject matter of this dissertation is the private sanatorium Bellevue in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland, a psychiatric hospital, founded in 1857 by Ludwig Binswanger senior. The hospital remained property of the Binswanger family until the closing of the institution in 1980. The hospital's archive and the estate of Ludwig Binswanger junior were entrusted to the University of Tuebingen, where these documents of psychiatric history were evaluated in a research project of the institute for ethics and history of medicine. The entire endowed material, including patients records, admission records, journals, publications and private letters of the family, was evaluated in a series of dissertations.
The focus of this thesis is the time period 1891-1895, a time when the sanatorium was run by Robert Binswanger, the son of the founder. A statistical survey of the demographic and medical dates of all patients was prepared. To get a better insight in hospital's everyday life, diagnostical and therapeutical methods, a random selection of patients' records has been completely transcribed.
Results: Between 1891 and 1895 393 patients were admitted to the Bellevue. The figure of yearly admitted patients fluctuated between 75 and 83. The average patient was between 30 and 40 years old, married, Protestant and stayed in the Bellevue for periods between one and six months. Two thirds of patients were men. 65 % of patients came from Switzerland and Germany. Most of these patients belonged to wealthy families, a fact that was reflected by the strongly represented professional groups among them belonging to the economical and educational bourgeoisie. Frequent diagnosis were neurasthenia (12,7 %), morphinism (9,9 %) and melancholia (9,7 %). The results of the therapy were recorded only irregularly. The concept of therapy in Binswanger's institution was the creation of a 'therapeutical milieu'. Patients, employees and the doctors' family members formed a therapeutical community. Important to Robert Binswanger was the spatial separation between the neurotic and the restless, psychiatric patients. He attached great importance to indirect psychological influence, the so called 'traitement moral'. In addition he used pharmacological and physiotherapeutical methods, especially hydro- and electrotherapy.
Compared with public institutions the atmosphere at the Bellevue was more familiar, the length of visits was shorter. Patients suffered from nerval rather than psychotic illnesses and were wealthier. Compared with other private sanatoriums there were hardly differences. By comparing the therapeutic principles of the Bellevue with those of other institutions, it is obvious, that Robert Binswanger's therapeutic ideas are representative for the end of the 19th century. They match largely with those of other psychiatric hospitals, with the exception that the realization of the therapeutical concepts were always restricted by the financial resources of the particular institution.