Abstract:
This experimental thesis investigates not only the acute toxicity of sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) but also its biochemical mode of action in confluent and proliferating human renal cells by determination of their cathepsin activities. For this, A-498 cells (permanent cell line established from the kidney carcinoma of a 52-year-old man) were incubated with SMCA at concentrations up to 400 µg/mL for 24 hours and then prepared for the determination of their cathepsin activities by hypotonic lysis (whole cell lysates) resp. subcellular fractionation (organelle fractions).
SMCA, the sodium salt of monochloroacetic acid, is a hazardous substance widely used in chemical industries as synthesis intermediate and therefore highly relevant in industrial medicine. Cathepsins, lysosomal cysteine proteases, are responsible for the major part of intracellular proteolysis and are inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitors (CPIs) when outside lysosomes (i. e. in pathological conditions such as inflammation and tumor). Kidney cells show highest concentrations of SMCA at earlier time periods after resorption and their numerous lysosomes contain particularly high amounts of the cathepsins B, L and S.
Findings:
In their organelle fractions (enrichment of lysosomes and therewith cathepsins) - which are largely free of CPIs - confluent A-498 cells (emphasis of this study) showed a dose-dependent decrease of their cathepsin activities caused by SMCA, with stronger decrease of cathepsin B activity and weaker decrease of cathepsin S activity. This suggests different sensitivities to SMCA for the three cathepsins B, L and S with highest sensitivity of cathepsin B and lowest sensitivity of cathepsin S. A dose-dependent decrease of cathepsin activities due to SMCA was also found in whole cell lysates which are rich in CPIs; but for the cathepsins L+S this decrease was much attenuated compared to the one in organelle fractions. This indicates an SMCA-induced weakened effectiveness of cytosolic CPIs whose effects on the cathepsins L and S are stronger than on cathepsin B - as once more shown in the present study.
Proliferating A-498 cells - which showed relatively (in relation to their cathepsin B activity) higher cathepsins L+S activities than confluent cells, and that for all SMCA concentrations tested - however were hardly impaired by SMCA as to their cathepsin activities, but much more impaired than confluent cells as far as their vitality and protein content is concerned. Thus proliferating cells already react to lower concentrations of SMCA with hypertrophy (explicable as a result of SMCA-induced metabolic acidosis) and increasingly with necrosis (re-decrease of cell protein in higher SMCA concentrations), and their impairment upon 200 µg/mL SMCA was almost 40 times that of confluent A-498 cells.