Abstract:
Ernst Kretschmer, born in Wüstenrot near Heilbronn (Germany) on October 8, 1888, was one of the most eminent German psychiatrists of the 20th century. This publication details Ernst Kretschmer´s biography until about 1920, and offers a critical survey of some of his early scientific works, in particular his publications about the paranoia problem. The present study uses, in addition to the published papers, many so far unpublished sources, especially from Kretschmer’s extensive estate.
After his studies in Tübingen and München, Kretschmer decided, in contrast to his earlier intenti-ons, to pursue a university career. In 1913, he began to work as an intern at Robert Gaupp‘s univer-sity hospital for psychiatry in Tübingen. There he finished his doctoral thesis about paranoia and the complex of manic-depressive symptoms („Wahnbildung und manisch-depressiver Symptomkom-plex“). In that study, Kretschmer developed a theory about the genesis of paranoia in patients with manic-depressive disorders, inspired by Wundt’s theories in experimental psychology and by some clinical cases.
During World War I, Kretschmer worked in a military hospital for neurological disorders where he finished his postdoctoral thesis on the sensitive delusion of reference („Der sensitive Beziehungs-wahn“). For this study he analyzed a large number of clinical cases in order to demonstrate how both character and specific experiences can contribute to the development of a specific complex of symptoms. He developed a system of psychiatric characters and a concept of multidimensional ap-proach to psychiatric patients; that concept he later enlarged to also include biological und constitu-tional factors. He criticized the then prevalent diagnostical system of Emil Kraepelin, and instead gave equal weight to psychological and organic factors in the genesis of psychiatric diseases. This approach had an affinity – which Kretschmer always disputed – to psychoanalytical theories; that perceived affinity was one of the reasons for the severe criticism levelled at Kretschmer´s new ap-proach by leading German psychiatrists of the time. During the following years he finished his stu-dies of the paranoia problem, and then concentrated in his research on topics concerning constituti-on and character - topics which nowadays are of interest only to the historians of medicine.
Kretschmer’s early publications already display some characteristics (both strengths and weaknes-ses) of his method. The present study aims to use the biographical and historical settings of Kretschmer´s early career to uncover some information about the goals and motivating factors in his professional and scientific development.