Abstract:
Aprotinin, a well-known protease-inhibitor, is applied systemically and locally as fibrin sealant to decrease peri-operative bleeding. As foreign antigen it can sensitize the immune system and cause anaphylactic reactions. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the cellular immune reaction in patients having received Aprotinin for the first time and uniquely either systemically, locally or both. The lymphocyte proliferation in response to the antigen Aprotinin was determined in the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) before as well as one, four and twelve weeks after exposition. Furthermore, the production of the cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, g-IFN and GM-CSF in lymphocyte culture and in patients' sera was determined on protein level by ELISA as well as on mRNA level by RT-PCR.
Lymphocyte proliferation showed independently of the application mode in all three groups (Aprotinin application locally, systemically or both) a sensitization of the immune system beginning four weeks after exposition. The cytokine levels in culture supernatants of aprotinin-stimulated lymphocytes after the first and unique application did not show significant alterations. However, IL-6 and IL-10 were remarkably frequently produced. A clear subclassification of the immune response into Th1/type1- and /or Th2/type2-reaction on the basis of the cytokine patterns could not be done. However, in individual cases Aprotinin preferentially seemed to induce type2-reactions which could be seen at the increased IL-5 production. The cytokines in the patients' sera did not show any substantial changes.
These data indicate that Aprotinin does not significantly affect immune-competent cells and in particular Th1/type1 and/or Th2/type2- reactions. However, in individual cases a Th2/type2-reaction can be induced, an observation which goes in line with the fact that some but very few patients show occasional side effects in form of anaphylactic reactions. Nevertheless, in view of the broad and frequent applications of Aprotinin these side effects are very rare.
Yet, the earlier exposition to Aprotinin, as already demanded by other authers, should be evaluated carefully. A possible reexposition should take place under strict observation and accompanied by prophylactic means against anaphylactic reactions.