Abstract:
Porcelain fused to electroformed gold crowns are a widely accepted restorative treatment due to their positive clinical properties such as excellent fit, high biocompatibility, tissue integration, and esthetics. Up to now, the bonding between an electroformed gold coping and veneering porcelain is still under question. There is no oxide layer on pure gold surfaces. Without oxide layer, the mechanism that mainly contributes to the bond strength between veneering porcelain and metal surface lacks.
The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength between veneering porcelain fused to electroformed gold copings by comparing two groups: veneering by conventional procedures versus veneering by additional application of a special bonding agent (C. Hafner, HF Goldpaste `Spezial`). Outcome variable was the fracture resistance of the veneering porcelain tested in a dual axis chewing simulator (Version 3.1.29, Willytech).
54 electroformed gold crowns were fabricated (C. Hafner) for a prepared master die (upper central incisor) and arbitrarily assigned to two groups and veneered: Copings veneered without bonding agent (O), and copings veneered with bonding agent (B). The chewing simulator was programmed to perform 1,200,000 chewing cycles corresponding to 5 years of clinical service. The cyclic load was applied to the incisal edge with a load angle of 45º by using a 6 mm diameter steatite ceramic ball. One crown of each group was cutted and metalographically prepared for surface characterization and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM 1439, LEO). 4 crowns of each group were progressively loaded in pilot experiments (P) where a cyclic load of 100 N was found to be appropriate for fracture testing. The 44 remaining samples were subjected to 1,200,000 cyclic loads of 100 N in the main experiments (H) - samples that did not fracture were tested again (N) under the same conditions. Criterion for the bond strength of porcelain fused to electroformed gold was the incidence of fractures (yes- or no-decision) in each group. The resulted fracture depth were assigned to 2 classes: fractures within the veneering porcelain (k), and complete fractures exposing the metal surface (m). The fragments of the bonder group were examined by photomacroscopic and SEM analysis in order to detect the bonding agent layer.
52 test specimen were tested in 13 loading cycles in 3 experiments (P, H, N) yielding the following results: (P) pilot experiment: 3 of 4 (group O), 2 of 4 (group B) fractured; (H) main experiment: 4 of 20 (O), 13 of 24 (B) fractured; experiment N: 4 of 11 (O), 6 of 13 (B) fractured. In total, 21 of 28 porcelain fused to gold copings of the bonder group (O) lately fractured whereas only 11 of 24 crowns of the conventional group (O) failed. Against that, the ratio of the different fracture modes (k:m) was very similar in both groups. Thus, twice as much bonded crowns as non-bonded crowns fractured. It was not possible to characterize and correctly identify the layers in the metalographic specimens or to detect reliably whether the bonding agent remained on the ceramic fragments or on the metal surface. The observations rather suggest the formation of a hybrid layer between the metal surface and the veneering ceramic.
In conclusion, the application of the bonding agent (HF Goldpaste `Spezial´) did obviously not improve the bond strength between pure gold surface and veneering porcelain. Considering the usually high variation in fracture experiments and the limits of implications based on in-vitro studies, the clinical relevance of the increased fracture incidence of bonded crowns (B) observed in this study is still a matter of question. A cyclic load of 100 N is far above the mean physiological forces during mastication in the incisor area. So far, the experiments represented a worst-case scenario.