Abstract:
Backround of the study: Measles still ranks as one of the leading causes of childhood mortality in the world. In the group of vaccine-preventable diseases, measles is responsible for the most part of the estimated 0.8 million annual deaths. Especially in developing countries, it causes a frequent and fatal disease of young children because of background malnutrition and the risk of opportunistic secondary infections as a result of a transient cellular immunosuppression following acute measles. The number of measles cases has declined substantially mainly as a result of mass vaccination campaigns. However, it has also limited the experience of medical practitioners. Therefore, diagnosis relies increasingly on serological testing.
Measles-specific IgM immune response is indicative for recent infection and therefore mostly used for detection of measles patients. In contrast to previous reports, a larger set of serum and plasma samples (n=225, panel A) was compiled and used for evaluation. The set of IgM assays were compared to the IgM-Enzygnost®, a standardized test, chosen to serve the gold standard.
An interesting alternative to serum would be saliva-testing. Saliva is more convenient and, to some extend, a safer specimen. Most patients, especially children, would prefer to give saliva, than blood. IgA H-protein, supposedly the most effective antibody at the mucosal surface, was determined in a panel of 273 paired sera and saliva samples (panel B) using the “flourescence activated cell scanner” (FACS).
Materials und Methods: Panel A (n=225) consists of samples from acute measles patients, late convalescent patients, samples of parents with infected children and vaccinated individuals from Nigeria and Luxembourg. The 4 different IgM-assays, which were evaluated using panel A (experiment A) differed in the principle structure of each test and the subset of antibodies detected. The group of tests, including the Measles-IgM Comfort EIA (“capture” format, “ready to use”-kit), the H-ELISA (based on recombinant H-protein), the H-FACS and F-FACS (based on recombinant measles virus (MV)-H or -F protein measurements using H or F transfected human melanoma cell lines). All tests were compared to the gold standard (IgM-Enzygnost®, “indirect” format, “ready to use”-kit).
Since the performance of each test severely depends on its cut-off value, evaluation was done with the standard characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) and additionally with the “receiver operating characteristic curves” (ROC), which do not depend on a discrimination threshold, but calculate the performance of each assay with all possible cut-off values. Panel B, includes 273 serum and plasma samples from vaccinated, acute phase and late convalescent measles patients from Luxembourg, Nigeria and Argentina. All samples were tested in the IgA H-FACS for measles-specific IgA antibodies (experiment B).
Results and Discussion: In the experiment A, the Measles-IgM Comfort EIA gave best results in statistics and ease of test-performance, compared to the IgM-Enzygnost®. H-FACS and H-ELISA displayed slightly less accurate data-values. Still, both assays were efficient during the important time of onset of measles rash. The F-FACS was the rather weaker test in this study and needs further improvement in test accuracy for MV-IgM detection. In experience B, a correct distribution between vaccinees and late convalescents in serum and saliva cannot be observed in this way. However, the IgA H-FACS was able to detect IgA antibodies against measles in saliva of acute phase measles patients already 8 days prior to onset of rash. In contrast to saliva, IgA in serum samples was only displayed one day after onset of rash.
Conclusion: Experiment A indicates, that the IgM-Comfort EIA is the most accurate test by its standard characteristics as well as by ROC analysis. The assay is comparable to the IgM-Enzygnost and could be used instead. The H-ELISA is suitable for the diagnosis of acute measles infection until 19 days after onset of rash. Due to the need of cell-culturing, the H-ELISA is not as user-friendly as the “ready to use”-kits, such as Measles-IgM Comfort EIA and IgM-Enzygnost®. Additionally to cell-culturing, the flow-cytometer required for FACS analysis, is not a standard equipment in every laboratory. Experiment B showed, that patients could be detected using saliva already 9 days before IgA was found in serum (8 days before compared to 1 day after onset of rash), strengthen the idea that the reaction of the body during the very early time of virus-entry through the mucosal barrier can be determined with saliva IgA-testing. Nevertheless, IgA was also found in serum and saliva of late convalescents and vaccinees. It is therefore not the isotype to be used for rapid measles diagnostic or for distinction between late convalescents and vaccinees.