Abstract:
The generation of immunological memory is the result of a successful immune response and a pivotal goal of vaccination. Protective immunity is mediated by memory cells and can provide protection against reinfection and disease. Comprehending the mechanisms, which drive memory generation and subsequent memory maintenance, is very difficult owing to the extreme heterogeneity of the immunological memory. The pool of memory cells represents a complex compartment comprised of a wide variety of subpopulations, which differ significantly in function and phenotype. Upon antigen encounter during an infection or vaccination, naïve T cells become activated and differentiate into effector T cells. The mounted immune response resolves the infection and eliminates the pathogen. Subsequently, after the antigen has been cleared, most of these effector cells die, but those that survive give rise to memory T cells. A fraction of these memory cells are memory CD8 T cells, which can be further divided into two subsets, central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) CD8 T cells, but their lineage relationships, ability to persist and confer protective immunity are not well understood. We demonstrate that in the continued absence of antigen TEM differentiate into TCM. Moreover, it is upon this differentiation into TCM that memory T cells acquire rapid responsiveness to antigen, the ability to produce and respond to certain cytokines, and the ability to undergo homeostatic turnover for long-term maintenance. Thus, our results show that TCM have a greater capacity than TEM to persist in vivo and are more efficient in mediating protective immunity because of their increased proliferative potential. Furthermore, we propose that TCM and TEM do not necessarily represent distinct subsets, but are part of a developmental continuum in the naïve -> effector -> TEM -> TCM linear differentiation pathway. We also demonstrate that the rate of conversion from TEM to TCM within the memory pool is programmed during the first week after immunization and may dependent on the amount of antigen available during initial antigen encounter. In the present work, we further examine the rate of reversion from TEM to TCM for several different epitope-specific T cell populations, which are induced during the same infection. Additionally, we compare the reversion rates of these different virus-specific CD8 T cell populations in multiple lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Our findings demonstrate that memory conversion from TEM to TCM is a distinct function of time and that the rate at which this differentiation occurs after the resolution of an infection, is characteristic for each single epitope-specific T cell population. We further show that memory conversion is not confined to specialized sites but occurs in all tissues, and that conversion rates are different for each location. Additionally, our study demonstrates that memory conversion occurs at similar rates and pattern after different types of infection. Several recent studies have examined the molecular mechanisms that are involved in memory T cell development by examining the gene expression profile of those cells. The pattern of gene expression changes as T cells progress from the naïve stage through the effector stage toward memory cell development, including TEM -> TCM differentiation. We have demonstrated in preceding work that TEM and TCM are phenotypically and functionally distinct, but whether this is due to transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional mechanisms is not clear. In this study, in order to better understand the emerged differences between TEM and TCM, we now examine genes that are differentially expressed in these subsets and attempt to correlate their molecular profiles with their distinct functions and memory properties. The two major differences between TEM and TCM are migration pattern and proliferative capacity. Here, both are also confirmed on a molecular basis and are strikingly mirrored in the expression profile of correlating genes. Altogether, this work is ought to shed some new light on the phenomenon of memory generation and to contribute new information to the process of memory CD8 T cell formation in vivo. The delineation of mechanisms that determine and regulate memory differentiation and maintenance has great impact on vaccination immunology. Particularly the notion that effector memory T cells need to further differentiate to acquire full proliferative capacity has considerable implications for vaccine regimens involving boosting strategies. Our results suggest that vaccine boosters should be separated by a significant length of time to allow generated effector cells to differentiate into central memory cells. Only this way T cells are able to reset their state of responsiveness to antigen and to acquire their full proliferative capacities to optimally confer and mediate protective immunity.