Abstract:
In this analysis of renal biopsies and explants the morphology, the clinics and clinico-morpholocical correlations as well as the prognosis and the pathogenesis of plasma cell rich rejection processes (P+) are evaluated.
The data of renal specimens of the renal registry at the institute of pathology of Tuebingen registered between 1985-1998 was evaluated. A total of 109 patients with 356 renal biopsies and 42 explants were analysed. The whole group of patients were stratified in 2 groups (P+ [53 patients] vs. non-rich in plasma cell rejection processes (P-)[56 pat.]) and divided furthermore in groups of acute, PA+ [27 pat.], chronic, PC+ [26 pat.]; acute, PA-[30 pat.] and chronic PC- [26 pat.] cases. These groups were furthermore parallelized in regard to the amount of rejection processes and biopsies, as well as age and sex of the patients to guarantee equal circumstances for evaluation. To define a biopsy as rich in plasma cells, the interstitial infiltration of 10 randomly selected fields were counted via morphometric methods and the average level of plasma cells was calculated. If 20% or more of the infiltrates were plasma cells the biopsy was considered as rich in plasma cells.
In the morphometrical evaluation, 23% of all histological specimens showed a vascular rejection (VR) beside of the obligate interstitial rejection processes. In 20% of the specimens a transplantatglomerulopathy (TGP) was present. Referring to the individual patient the incidence of VR and TGP was increased, of course. Therefore, in 47% of all patients a VR could be diagnosed, whereas 37% developed a TGP during the observation period. The parallel or serial manifestation of VR and TGP could be evaluated in 25% of all patients. In 59% of P+ cases a VR±TGP was diagnosed significantly more often than in comparison to cases with P-.
The analysis of the clinical data (age and sex of donor and recipient, HLA-mismatch, level of panel-reactive antibodies, cold ischemia time, number of blood bottles applied intra- and postoperative) revealed no differences between P+ and P-.
Concerning potential prognostic relevant parameters for transplant survival the occurrence of VR±TGP, original disease, age, gender and CMV-status of donor/recipient, blood pressure of the donor at the time of transplantation, HLA-mismatch, number of blood bottles intra- and postoperative, cold ischemia as well as levels of panel reactive antibodies before and immediately after NTX and during the observation time were ana-lysed beside the appearance of plasma cell infiltrates.
Patients with P+ do have a significantly worse prognosis [Chi2: p=0.0024], whereas, in detail, this significance does not apply to PA+ [Chi2: p=0.5636], but for PC+ [Chi2: p=0.0148]. Beside these factors, a VR [Chi2: p<0.0001], TGP [Chi2: p=0.0002], 10+ blood bottles intra-/postoperative [Chi2: p=0.04], max. level of panel reactive antibodies after NTx > 33 % [Chi2: p<0.05] could be identified as significant parameters for a worse prognosis. However, as multivariate analysis demonstrates, this potential prognostic relevance of plasma cell rich rejection processes must be reduced to the parallel manifestation of VR. This means, plasma cell rich rejection processes could not be considered as an independent prognostic factor, but – due to the highly significant association with VR – as an indicator and predictor of a worse prognosis.
To evaluate a potential involvement of herpes viruses in the pathogenesis of P+, mo-lecular based analysis were performed to prove genomes of EBV, CMV, HSV-1, HSV-2 and HHV-6. Regarding the results of these analyses, no difference could be detected between P+ and P- for all virus species.
Concerning the pathogenesis of plasma cell rich rejection processes, a change to hu-moral, B-cell dependant immune mechanisms must be discussed, in terms a shift from Th1 to Th2 immune response, including a chance in the cytokine profile. But this change seems not to be triggered by herpes viruses. Possibly, the augmented expression of the inducible costimulators (ICOS) of T-cells is involved. Current experimental evaluations indicate that this “alternative” way of T-cell-activation, doesn’t stimulate Th1-cells on its own, but also Th2-lymphocytes, which in terms stimulates - via the release of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 – B-cells and support their differentiation to plasma cells.